modern gaelic(s) and possible cognates or loanwords (play)

[MOESAN]

it is just for the pleasure - some evident enough links between celtic words
on left: gaelic (irish, + sometimes scotland gaelic); in front: translation in english + between crochets: breton and welsh, rarely cornish, and in italics, latine or romance words or others languages words (I-E!) with apparent link - it is not a scholar work but it could help people not very used to celtic languages: by example the albanian speakers who are looking for comparisons, like my friend Kamani - they could see the more common changes between gaelic and brythonic, and other languages of Europe... just for the fun and it is free!
&: cornish is between breton and welsh, but shows a very astonishing evolution: -d in final position is turned into -s /s/ --> /z/ in long syllabes - sometimes before endings beginning with vowels the words of this kind hesitates between -s- /z/ and -j /dzh/ (english pronounciation)

-oireacht	-ery, -ing, ... (-erezh, -wraeth)
a-mach, a-muigh	out(side) (er-maes, i ma(e)s)
a-nochd (Alban?)	to night, this evening (hennoazh, nuit, noch, noite, noct-)
ab	abbott (abad, abad, abas, abbé, abbato...)
abair	to say (eme, ebe ? )
abhainn	river (aven/aon, afon)
adhradh, aoradh	adoration (azeuliñ, addoli, adorer)
aibî	ripe (azw, aeddfed?)
aigead	acid (acide)
aimsir	wheather (amzer)
aingeal	angel (ael, angel, ange(l))
ainm	name (anw, enw, nom, nome, nomine, naam, namn, onom-)
ainmhî, ainmhidh	animal (aneval, anifail, animal)
air	on (àr*, ar # war)
altôir, altair	altar (aoter, allor, autel)
ancaire, acair	anchor
aontu	accord (a du = « un tu »)
àr >> èirleach	carnage (aer*, aer(-fa))
ard	hill (aod, aot, allt, haut, alto?)
arm	weapon (arm, arf, arme, arma)
asal	ass (asen, asyn, âne, osiel...)
ascaill	armpit (askell, asgell)
bàbôg	doll (babig, baban, baby)
bacadh	restraining (bac'h, bach)
bachall	crook (bac'h-krog? )
bagh	bay (bae, bae, baie, baia...)
bailbhe	dumbness (balp, balb-utier)
bailgean, bailgfhionn	pie-bald, whitebellied (bolc'h + gwenn)
bàim, bàth	to drown (beuziñ, boddi?)
bainbh	young pig (banw, banw)
baird, bard	bard (barzh, bardd, barde)
balbh	mute (balp, balbutier)
balla, falla	wall (vall << vallum?)
barc	bark 2 (ship) (barque, barca)
barr	tip, top, end, extremity (barr)
bata 1	stick (bazh, >> battre?)
bata 2	boat (bateau, boot, boot)
bathach	cowhouse (beudy? booth?)
bathadh	drowning (beuziñ, boddi)
beach	bee
beachan	wasp (bee)
beag	little (bihan, bychan)
beannachd	blessing (bennozh, bendith, béni, bénédict, benedetto)
beannaich	to bless, to salute, to hail (bennozh, bendith)
beart	act (berzh? >> ober berzh)
beàs	custom (boas?)
beir	to bear
beô	alive (bew, byw – to be, bio)
beoir	beer (bir/bier, birra)
beol, béal/beul	lip, mouth (bab-ine?)
bia, biadh, beatha/biodh	food (boued, bwyd, bôs)
bideach (Norzh Alban?)	little, small (bidoc'h?)
bile	tree (bill, bille)
binn	melodious, harmonious (binioù?)
biolar, biolair	water-cress (beler, berwr)
bior	spit (bir, bêr)
bith	existance, beeing (buhez, buchedd)
bladhm	flame (flamme)
blas	taste (blas, blas)
blasta	sweet (blasus, blasus)
blàth 1	flower (bleuñv/bleu, blodau, fleur, flora, bloom, bloem, blum, blom)
bliain, bliadhain	year (bloaz, blwyddyn/blynydd-)
blonag	fat (n.) (bloneg, bloneg!)

the other words I noted will follow...

 

[Fire Haired]

Gealic and Brythonic language are most related to each other right. and do u know if CeltIberian is most related to Gaulic languages or Insular Celtic. I was thinking maybe the Italic Celtic thing doesn't exist. Would if Gauls really spoke a language more related to Italic languages than Insular Celtic and we assume because of history it is more related to Insular Celtic. Because R1b S28 and Urnfield culture unite Italic languages and Gaulic. why did Italic languages stay separate and exist in the same culture as Celtic ones for over 1,000 years that doesn't make sense. That would destroy the whole idea of Celtic and really unite it to be Italo Celtic or a new name or maybe make Italic languages apart of the Celtic language family which would piss of ancient Romans if u said they were Celts or Italo Celts and most connected with Gauls but its kind of true i don't know about language.

Are Celtic languages broken down into Insular and continental or is it unknown what Continental is or exactly what Gauls spoke. I don't know how true this is but i have heard i think from the head of this website that when Ceasar fought the Gauls they could understand some Latin and Romans had to write and speak in Greek so the Gauls couldn't understand them. It just doesn't make sense Gauls descend from Urnfield their signature Y DNa haplogroup R1b S28 same with Italic's. Maybe R1b S28 and Urnfield were originally Italic and adopted languages of Celts they conquered in France because R1b Df27 and R1b L21 would have already been in France before R1b S28.

 

[Fire Haired]

La Tene Gauls that sacked Rome and ravaged Italy in 390bc called their chief Brennus. Same with La Tene Gauls named by Greeks Galatians who ravaged across southeastern Europe and sacked and attacked many Greek cities in 200'sbc. I saw that the word for king in Welsh is Brenin and the word royal means something like that i know it is connected. I wonder of Brenin or Breenus or whatever were high ranking people in Social Castes in alot of ancient Celtic societies i was thinking it might be connected to the Brahmins who are high ranking in Hindi Indo aryan caste system. I know that Indo Iranian languages spread out of north Russia starting 5,000ybp both are Indo European but separated for a very long time over 6,000 years.

Do u think the Gealic and Gaulic those names might be related if they were names the real people gave themselves. Kind of like how two separate groups of Indo Iranians one that went to India and other to Iran called themselves Aryans. I bet Sycthains also had a name for themselves that sounded something like Aryan. what about Italic tribes is Italic or Italian the legit name they saw themselves as. and what about Germanic tribes the word Germania i know was used by Romans as early as 2,000ybp to describe the area of all the Germanic tribes. I am not a linguistic but would if it was related to Gaulic and Gealic Italo Celts and Germanic;s would have split about 4,500-5,000ybp so only some 2,000 years before the Germanic tribes Rome fought and when ceasar conquered Gaul. I bet the Gauls and other Celts since their migrations and invasions were so recent had folk stories about conquering people like English in the middle ages did. 1,000ybp Irish book of Invasions might be an example.

 

[Nobody1]

Gealic and Brythonic language are most related to each other right. and do u know if CeltIberian is most related to Gaulic languages or Insular Celtic.

Gaelic and Celt-Iberian are Q-Keltic languages;
Cymric and Conti.-Keltic {Lepontic & Gaulish} are P-Keltic languages;

The most well attested Conti.-Keltic language is Lepontic; But Lepontic could easily also be an Italic language of the Umbrians since it was spoken by the Insubres ([IsOmbri] Low-Land Umbrians) and has a good doze of pre-Indo-European Ligurian amongst it - J. Whatmough [Harvard Uni.]

http://www.ancient-celts.com/LanguagesLepontic.html


Lepontic stele inscription 6th-5th cen BC from Vergiate, Lombardy - N Italy

But mark my words;
Lepontic can easily be an Italic language of P-Italic Umbrian since it was spoken by Insubres - i.e. Low-Land Umbrians;

PS: I like your link of Brennus (title) and Brahmins (status) it also crossed my mind in the Proto-Indo-European sense; But def. needs to be double-checked;

 

[adamo]

Why would Brennus, a common gallic surname be related to India's Brahmin caste?

 

[adamo]

The name Italia either derives from Viteliu (cattle, the land of cattle in an ancient italic tongue, possibly Latin.) or from the name of Italos, king of the Pelasgian Oenotrians. In no way does it have a similar source as that of the ancient name "Germania."

 

[Nobody1]

Why would Brennus, a common gallic surname be related to India's Brahmin caste?

It could be that Brennus was a typical Gallic title and not a surname; the rest is Sanskrit and thats the bridge;
The Indo-European bridge; maybe there is something to it maybe not; prob. not who knows;

 

[MOESAN]

it is just for the pleasure - some evident enough links between celtic words
on left: gaelic (irish, + sometimes scotland gaelic); in front: translation in english + between crochets: breton and welsh, rarely cornish, and in italics, latine or romance words or others languages words (I-E!) with apparent link - it is not a scholar work but it could help people not very used to celtic languages: by example the albanian speakers who are looking for comparisons, like my friend Kamani - they could see the more common changes between gaelic and brythonic, and other languages of Europe... just for the fun and it is free!
&: cornish is between breton and welsh, but shows a very astonishing evolution: -d in final position is turned into -s /s/ --> /z/ in long syllabes - sometimes before endings beginning with vowels the words of this kind hesitates between -s- /z/ and -j /dzh/ (english pronounciation)

the other words I noted will follow...

I'm trying to add some other words - I hope it will do it? but I can't earse the table I wrote before - I need a technic formation!!!

bô (bà)	cow (buoc'h, buwch, boeuf, buey, bou << bovis)
bodhaig	human body
bodhar	deaf (bouzar, byddar)
bog	moist, damp (baw, baw? - boue, bauge, bauche?)
bog	tepid (bouk?, pouk?)
bogha	bow (? - bwa, bog, bog, bog)
boinne, banne	drop (banne/bannac'h, -?)
bolg	stomach (bolc'h, bola)
bonn	sole, foundaztion, base, bottom (bon, bon ? # borne << bodina)
bord	table (bwrdd, bord << board, bord?)
bôrd	table (? - bwrdd/bord, board)
both	hut, booth, tent (bod, -? <?> ? bo?)
bothàn	tent, cabin, skanty (booth <?> bod ?)
brac	arm, bracchium (brec'h, braich + bras)
brach	bear (broc'h, broch?)
bracht	sap, juice, substance, wealth (brewiñ?)
braich	malt (brewiñ, brass?)
braigh	top, summit (bre = menez)
braight	large fire, bon-fire (bright, brecht, brecht?)
braisle	mass, lump (bras, bras?)
bran	raven (bran, brân)
braodar	trouble, anxiety
bras	great, strong + swift (bras, bras + braisg)
brat 1	mantle, cloak (brozh)
brat 2	broth (brouet?)
brathair	brother (breur, brawd, broeder, broer, bruder, bror, bratj)
brea	grand (bre+bri, bri?)
breac	speckled, mottled, freckled (brec'h, brych + brizh, brith)
breac	trout (brezhell, brythyll + Breizh (Britti-): bro ar Pikted?
breagh	gandsome, fine, beautiful (braw, braf, brave, bravo?)
bréan	foul, putrid, rotten (brein, braen)
breith	birth [to bear]
breith	judgment, decision (breudoù)
breitheamh	judge (breud >> beutaer)
breo, breonna	torc, brand
brî 1 > briogh	vigour, strength (bri?)
brî 2	brae, hill (bre/brenn, bryn-n)
brionn	dream (bre-: hunvreal, rambreal... breuddwyd)
briosc	fragile (bresk)
briste	trousers, breeche (brikoù, bragoù)
bró	quern, millstone (bonn, gall- borne?)
brobh	rush (broenn?, brwyn?)
broc	badger (broc'h, broch)
brocach	dirty (broc'h, broch ?)
brog	shoe
broghach	dirty (?, brwnt?)
broid 3	to goad, to prod (aiguillonner) (broud-añ)
broim?	fart (bramm, bram)
broinn	womb, uterus (bronn, bron <?> bronn, brunn, born)
broinndearg	robin (bronn + « ruz »)
bromaire	farter, windbag, boaster (brammer, bramwr)

 

[MOESAN]

Gealic and Brythonic language are most related to each other right. and do u know if CeltIberian is most related to Gaulic languages or Insular Celtic. I was thinking maybe the Italic Celtic thing doesn't exist. Would if Gauls really spoke a language more related to Italic languages than Insular Celtic and we assume because of history it is more related to Insular Celtic. Because R1b S28 and Urnfield culture unite Italic languages and Gaulic. why did Italic languages stay separate and exist in the same culture as Celtic ones for over 1,000 years that doesn't make sense. That would destroy the whole idea of Celtic and really unite it to be Italo Celtic or a new name or maybe make Italic languages apart of the Celtic language family which would piss of ancient Romans if u said they were Celts or Italo Celts and most connected with Gauls but its kind of true i don't know about language.

Are Celtic languages broken down into Insular and continental or is it unknown what Continental is or exactly what Gauls spoke. I don't know how true this is but i have heard i think from the head of this website that when Ceasar fought the Gauls they could understand some Latin and Romans had to write and speak in Greek so the Gauls couldn't understand them. It just doesn't make sense Gauls descend from Urnfield their signature Y DNa haplogroup R1b S28 same with Italic's. Maybe R1b S28 and Urnfield were originally Italic and adopted languages of Celts they conquered in France because R1b Df27 and R1b L21 would have already been in France before R1b S28.

I 'll send you my answer next saturday (for what they are worth to)- but let's be cautious and not mix everything and not derive words from others without being sure of the phonetical rules that prevail between different branches of languages - a common sense rule
have a good day

 

[Fire Haired]

Why would Brennus, a common gallic surname be related to India's Brahmin caste?

In welsh they have a similar word for king or royalty u can check on google translate. Both Celtic Chiefs the one that attacked Italy in 390bc and eastern Europe and Greece in 200's bc were both named Brennus according to Roman and Greek writers. It probably mean royalty like u were in a high ranking family or high caste like Brahmins. The Brahmin caste was invented by Invading Indo Aryan speakers 3,500ybp theya re suppose to be direct decedents of those invaders which can explain why over 70% of some Brahmins have Indo Iranian R1a1a1b2 Z93 so the name deifntley is from what ever meant high ranking family for early INdo Iranian speakers.

 

[MOESAN]

following words

brôn	sorrow (?, brwyn*+)
bru 3	to crush, to press (brewiñ, brywio)
bruadair, bruadar	to dream, to have a vision (bre- > rambreal? - breudd-wydio ?)
bruchtaim, brùcht 1	to belch, eruption, burst, to vomit (breugeud/bregass) to blech = to burp
bruich	to boil (berwiñ, berwo?)
brùid = brùta	brute, huge living (lat- bruto ?)
brùilùin	burnet rose (brulu?, bryllu?)
bruscar	debris (br- >> brewiñ, bresk, briser?)
bruth	to bruise, to crush, to pulverise (brewiñ, breg/brifo/briwo? - briser)
bua	success (buz, budd)
bua/buadh, buaidh	victory, conquest, success (buz, bud, butin)
buabhul	unicorn
buachaile/buachaill	cowherd, heard (bugul/bugel/bugale, bugail, bucolique? Boukolos)
buaf	toad (tosseg) <> (buoc'h, bewin, buwch, lat- bov-?)
buaim	to win (buz, budd)
buar	cattle, kine (buoc'h/bewin, buwch)
buidheann	company, troop, band, gang (bezen, byddyn)
builîn	loaf (bread) (boul)
bùir	to bellow, to roar (buoc'h …)
bun	(tree) stump, stool, bottom (bon, bon)
burd (Alban?)	to hum, to buzz (bourdonner)
ca hait? (cait?)	where
cab	Mouth (?, ceg?)
càba	cape (kab-ell, cape)
cabhàn	hollow, cavity (kew, ceudod)
cabhuil	cage? - (kawell, cawell)
cac	shit (kaoc'h, cach, caca, chier)
càca	kake <> küchen (lat- coc-)
cacht	confinement, bondage, duress, hardship, privation (kaezh, caeth, captif/chétif)
cadh	fight (kad, cad)
cagainn	to chew (chaokad+chagell/chajell)
caibidil	chapter (chabistr, lat- capitul-)
cailc	chalk (kalc'h, calch, calc-aire, chaux)
caileann	calends (kalan, calan)
cailinn, caileag	maid (plac'h)
caill 1	to loose (koll, colli)
caill 2 (Alban?)	testicle (kell, caill)
caimse	chemise, shirt (lat- camisa << kelt?)
cainc	projection, prominent nose (kenk-is, canghyn)
cainnean	leek (kignen, cennyn/cenhyn-)
caint	talk (kan, can >> cantor)
cair fhiadh	stag (karw (gouez), carw)
cairb 1	jaw & teath (karwan, ?)
càirdeal	amicable (kar, câr, cher, chères, caro, + heer?)
cairge	cap (karreg, carreg, carraige)
cais	hatred, spite (kas, câs)
cais(e)	cheese (keus, caws,kaas, käse, caséïne)
Caisc/Caisg	Easter (Pask, Pasg, Pâques, Pascua)
caiscin	whole meal bread (paskañ, pasg *+)
càl	kale, cabbage (kaol)
cala	bay, harbour... (cale, cala)
caladh 1	wharf, jetty (cala)
caladh 2	hard (kaled, caled)
calafort (caladhphort?)	port, harbour (cala)
calbh(ach)	bald (head) ( calv-, chauve )
callaid (Alban?)	hedge (killi, celli)
calman, colm	wood pigeon (kouloum, colomen, colombe, coloma)
calman, colm, calaman	pigeon (kouloum, colom)
calp	calf of leg
cam 2 / caim	wry; crooked, bent > bend (kamm, cam)
camas	? (kamm, cam)
can 3	chant, sang (kan, cân)
canach	down (pan?= hair)
candam	quantum (lat-)
caoch 3	blind, purblind (lat- caec-- >> ciego, cécité)
caoin 2 (Alban?)	to mourn, to lament, to weep (-? cwyno, <?> couiner?)
caoin 1	sweet in manner, delicate, efined, gentle (kind) <> (kended, cain/ceindod)?
caol	narrow, slim >>slender part (kil? , cul, cul, culo, lat- culus)
caolàn	creek (kil, cul)
caomh/caoimh	mild, dear, gentle (kuñv, cuf)
caonach	moss (kinvi/kivni, ?)
caori, caoridh(?)	sheaps (peuriñ, pori)
caorthann	rowan tree (tann, tan, tanin?, tannen-baum?)
capall	horse (kaval, cheval, caballo, kobyla)
car 2	love (kar, câr)
càràid	pair (par? - kar?)
carbad	chariot (karr, cerbyd, char)
carn	cairn (karn, carn 1)
carnaîm	to accumulate (karn, cairn)
carr	car (karr, car, char, carro)
carraig	rock (karreg, carreg + krag, craig?)
casacht	cough (pas/peus, pas)
castàn	chesnut (kistin, castan, châtaigne, castaña...)
cat	cat (kazh, cath, gatto, chat, kotka)
cathair	city (kêr, caer)
cathaoir	throne (kadoar, cadair, chaire <<, catedra)
ceanglaim	to tether, to attach (ken + kouloum?)
ceap	(tree) stump (kef, cyff, <?> cep)
cearbhui (buidhe ?)	tawny (koar + melen ?)
ceilte	headen (celu, receler, celare?)
céim	step (lamm, kammed, cam, gamba, jambe<<camb)
ceimric	cambric (welsh) (kembraeg, cymreig) cf : Combrogi
céir	wax (koar, cwyr)
cela	want (coel = fiziañs)

 

[MOESAN]

céir = koar, cwyr (lat- cer-umen >> fr- cire)

 

[MOESAN]

La Tene Gauls that sacked Rome and ravaged Italy in 390bc called their chief Brennus. Same with La Tene Gauls named by Greeks Galatians who ravaged across southeastern Europe and sacked and attacked many Greek cities in 200'sbc. I saw that the word for king in Welsh is Brenin and the word royal means something like that i know it is connected. I wonder of Brenin or Breenus or whatever were high ranking people in Social Castes in alot of ancient Celtic societies i was thinking it might be connected to the Brahmins who are high ranking in Hindi Indo aryan caste system. I know that Indo Iranian languages spread out of north Russia starting 5,000ybp both are Indo European but separated for a very long time over 6,000 years.

Do u think the Gealic and Gaulic those names might be related if they were names the real people gave themselves. Kind of like how two separate groups of Indo Iranians one that went to India and other to Iran called themselves Aryans. I bet Sycthains also had a name for themselves that sounded something like Aryan. what about Italic tribes is Italic or Italian the legit name they saw themselves as. and what about Germanic tribes the word Germania i know was used by Romans as early as 2,000ybp to describe the area of all the Germanic tribes. I am not a linguistic but would if it was related to Gaulic and Gealic Italo Celts and Germanic;s would have split about 4,500-5,000ybp so only some 2,000 years before the Germanic tribes Rome fought and when ceasar conquered Gaul. I bet the Gauls and other Celts since their migrations and invasions were so recent had folk stories about conquering people like English in the middle ages did. 1,000ybp Irish book of Invasions might be an example.

Gealic and Brythonic language are most related to each other right. and do u know if CeltIberian is most related to Gaulic languages or Insular Celtic. I was thinking maybe the Italic Celtic thing doesn't exist. Would if Gauls really spoke a language more related to Italic languages than Insular Celtic and we assume because of history it is more related to Insular Celtic. Because R1b S28 and Urnfield culture unite Italic languages and Gaulic. why did Italic languages stay separate and exist in the same culture as Celtic ones for over 1,000 years that doesn't make sense. That would destroy the whole idea of Celtic and really unite it to be Italo Celtic or a new name or maybe make Italic languages apart of the Celtic language family which would piss of ancient Romans if u said they were Celts or Italo Celts and most connected with Gauls but its kind of true i don't know about language.

Are Celtic languages broken down into Insular and continental or is it unknown what Continental is or exactly what Gauls spoke. I don't know how true this is but i have heard i think from the head of this website that when Ceasar fought the Gauls they could understand some Latin and Romans had to write and speak in Greek so the Gauls couldn't understand them. It just doesn't make sense Gauls descend from Urnfield their signature Y DNa haplogroup R1b S28 same with Italic's. Maybe R1b S28 and Urnfield were originally Italic and adopted languages of Celts they conquered in France because R1b Df27 and R1b L21 would have already been in France before R1b S28.


Following:La Tene Gauls that sacked Rome and ravaged Italy in 390bc called their chief Brennus. Same with La Tene Gauls named by Greeks Galatians who ravaged across southeastern Europe and sacked and attacked many Greek cities in 200'sbc. I saw that the word for king in Welsh is Brenin and the word royal means something like that i know it is connected. I wonder of Brenin or Breenus or whatever were high ranking people in Social Castes in alot of ancient Celtic societies i was thinking it might be connected to the Brahmins who are high ranking in Hindi Indo aryan caste system. I know that Indo Iranian languages spread out of north Russia starting 5,000ybp both are Indo European but separated for a very long time over 6,000 years.

Do u think the Gealic and Gaulic those names might be related if they were names the real people gave themselves. Kind of like how two separate groups of Indo Iranians one that went to India and other to Iran called themselves Aryans. I bet Sycthains also had a name for themselves that sounded something like Aryan. what about Italic tribes is Italic or Italian the legit name they saw themselves as. and what about Germanic tribes the word Germania i know was used by Romans as early as 2,000ybp to describe the area of all the Germanic tribes. I am not a linguistic but would if it was related to Gaulic and Gealic Italo Celts and Germanic;s would have split about 4,500-5,000ybp so only some 2,000 years before the Germanic tribes Rome fought and when ceasar conquered Gaul. I bet the Gauls and other Celts since their migrations and invasions were so recent had folk stories about conquering people like English in the middle ages did. 1,000ybp Irish book of Invasions might be an example.


This is only my «elucubrations» with my present knowledge (not concerning Brennos), but for some I had som echoes by other forumers -

I answer in disorder:

1. Brennus (Brennos) and welsh 'brenin' do not seem cognates at all – the first could very well come from an I-E word cognate with germanic 'brand' sword but I confess I don't know! – the second is a typically late welsh evolution of a syllabe ending with '-nt' – breton '-nt', cornish '-ns', welsh '-nt' >> '-nh-' before stress or '-n-' after stress between vowels – 'brenin' = «king», has the plural 'brenhinoedd' – see «queen»: brenhines(see 'nasal' mutation: 'tad' >> 'fyn nhad': «my father») – welsh has other seemingly linked words like: 'breinio' + 'breintio': «to privilege», «to favor», «to enfranchise», 'breintiedig': «patent(ed)» - and 'bre': «hill», «highland» - breton has 'bre' for similar meanings (celtic ?'briga' see germanic 'berg' and slavic cognates), and 'bri': «esteem», surely linked at some stage of the language history '* BR-'– breton has 'brientin' = «noble man» - the links between 'bren(t) and 'breint':'brient' (? 'brig-ant' ?) is not too clear but I think it is real (gaelic has a similar root too) -
   
2. Urnfields was surely at first an ethnic concept, maybe not I-E, but after some time it was more a way of life with religious ties and Y-R1U152 (S28) bearers were maybe not the only carriers of it, even as a majority only – by that time U152 was I think well developped in Alps regions; the core of it was among central continental Celts and Ligurians and some of them were among Italics but with littler percentages – I am tempted to think U152 bearers were denser among P- Osco-Umbrians people than among Qw- Latines, this taste of U152 being got more northernly, (scientist think Italics ever stayed a sa whole more southernly than the Celts (N-Croatia?) but some tribes at Urnfields times, here I think in P-Italics, could have had contacts farther in North (Moravia?) - it is uneasy to say because even very close artefacts could have been part of a cultural «package» transmitted between different ethnies – the fact Veneti seemed come from more northern lands (S-Poland?) is also an element on the side of more northern positions at some times for some tribes, even italic – But when we look at the present day distribution in Italy, the bulk of U-152 is in Ligurian and Celtic «world» - the Sicules, Ausonians and others of South Italy could have been close cousins to Ligurians, or half way between them and Latines...so rich for U152 - it seems that since Neolithical periods, the most of the introgressions by North in Italy was East the Apennines, where U152 seems poorer...Cardial was an exception before Greeks and Etruscans – at Calcholithic times, N-E Italy had been colonised by Balkans people (language unknown to me)
   
3. Insular celtic is a relatively new concept: I think it is erroneus: I keep on with the Qw-/P- split: surely the Qw- were older settled in West Europe and more diverse; P- came later after central Europe later contacts and I suppose were less differenciated within them – the Gaelic-Brythonic links in the Isles are more of the convergence type than of a «genetical» type, I believe (Sure, I can mistake...) - gaulish as all other celtic languages had some common ancestral contacts with italic languages, before all these internal splits in all these languages – but some phonetical drifts from P-IE separate well celtic from italic – but we judge upon current languages, perhaps some intermediary dialects («lacking link») faded out during History run?
   
4. Gaul and Gael (Gaedil) have nothing in common – it was explained yet in other threads of this forum: Gaul is a french evolution of a germanic basis *Walh > *Weal(h)isc >> 'Welsh', germanic 'Walah' from the name of the celtic tribe 'Volques' (to make short), name given by Germanics to all celtic people and after to latine speakers in eastern Europe (Valachs)-
   a confusion arose with the grecian name of some celtic tribes the Galati – central «Gauls» in present days France named themselves Celti, but the name Gallia given to their lands by the Romans seemslinked to the grecian naming: a consonantal mutation from K- to G- (Kelti>>Galati??? very unsure...) we have the same problem with Pretani >> Britanni (celtic languages know mutations at the initial part of words according to phonetic environment and voice stress, and it seems writings took this phenomen in account with some lateness) -

 

[MOESAN]

sorry - too much anphetamines in my tea -
a part of the (vertical) text is again from Fire Haired
my answers are in italics
have a good saturday night! I'm going to bed...

 

[MOESAN]

just a thing, Fire Haired: you go very quickly when you link INSUBRES to UMBRIANS - etymology requires more proofs

 

[MOESAN]

here you are ciall ciall	? (pouell/pouill, pwyll)
cianôg	cent (money) (? - ceiniog)
cill	church? - cell? (kell, cell, cellule)
cineal	kind (specie) (kenel, cenedl, kin???)
cion-mothachaidh	apathy (mouzhet)
clach (Alban?)	testicle (kleger/klog, clegyr, -clog, « maen » caillou/chaillou + kell, caill)
cladach	strand (plad? Plat?- >< clach)
claî	fence (kloued, clwyd?, claie)
claîomh	sword (klezeñv, cleddyf >> cladius, glaive)
clann	clan (? - plant)
claon 1	slope, slant, incline (klun, clun : 1 feuskenn 2 tor run)
claonaim	to lean (incliner, cline)
clàr	ship deck (klor, clawr)
clàr	stave of barrel (clef, clavier...)
clé	left (kleis, cledd)
cleacht, cleachd	to accustom (plediñ? pleg ?)
cléirich	clerk (kloareg, clerig, clerc >> clérical, klerk)
cliath 1 (Iwerzhon?)	stave of barrel
cliath 2 (Alban?)	hurdle, harrow (kloued, clwyd, claye)
cloch	stone (kleger, clegyr >> klopenn, penglog, cloche?)
cloigeann	head (klopenn, penglog <> kleger, clegyr, cloch))
clôs	courtyard (klos, clòs, clos/clore, close)
cluas	ear (-?, clust <> klewed, clywed)
cluinn	to ear (klewed, clywed, loud, lied, cleos, clod)
cnea	wound
cneas	animals skin (ken? <?> cnawd << cynod*???)
cneidh, creidh	? kreizh (claith?)
cnô, cnu	nut (knaou/kraoñ, cnau)
cnoc	hill (krec'h,(k)nec'h, cnoc, knokke)
co-chôrdach	accord
cô?	who? (piw, pwy, qui...)
côcaire	cook (keginer, cogydd, cuisinier/queue, cocina, kok, koch)
cogadh	war (kad, cad)
coic, coig	five (pemp, pym, cinq, cinque, fijf, fem)
coileach	cock (kilhog, ceiliog)
coileàn	young of dog (kolen, colwyn)
côilis	cauliflower (kaol, chou, cavolo, kool, kohl
coill	wood (kelwez, collen)
coîmheascan, co-mheasgaich	to amalgamate (kemmeskiñ, cymysgu)
coinneal, côinnle	candle (kantol-or, cannwyll/canhwyll, chandelle, candella)
coire	cauldron (? - pair>> peiriant)
cônacht	equinoxe (ken+'noazh'?)
corc, coirc(e)	oats (kerc'h, ceirch)
corcach	oaten (kerc'heg, ceirchog?)
côrda	string (kordenn, cord, cord, cord, chord)
côrn	horn (korn, corn, corne, corna)
corôin	crown (kurun, corun/coron, couronne)
corp	corpse, body (korf, corff, corpus)
cos	foot, leg (? - coes)
costas	price (koust, cost << cost-)
crann	tree (prenn, pren)
creachainn	skin, hood (?) (kroc'hen, croen)
creachan (Alban?)	? krogen, ?
créacht	wound (kreizh, crath)
creagach	rocky (karreg, carre + krag, craig)
creathàn	tremble (kridienn) <?> krenañ, cryno)
creig	crag (krag, craig)
crî, cridhe	hart (kreis, credd, sred-...)
crîonann	to wither (krin, crin?)
criosan (alb.)	apron (kres, crys)
crobh	to claw (-.?, crafyngu?)
croch	hook? (krog + kroug, crog, croc, crochet)
crochaim	to hang (krogin/krougiñ, crogi)
crois(e)	cross (kroas, croes)
crom	bend (kromm, crwm/crom)
cromaim	to lean (krommañ, crymu << crwm)
cruaidh	austere (kriz, crai, cru, raw, rå)
crùca	crook (? - crwga)
cruimh	worm, maggot (preñv, pryf)
cruinn	exact (a-grenn << krenn, crwn?)
cruinnim, cruinnich	to aggregate, to assemble (gronnañ? - crynhoi)
cruit	small harp (-? crwth)
cruthaim	to create (krou(e)iñ, creu, créer)
cu	dog, hound (ki, ci, ky >> kon, cwn, chien, cano, câo)
cuach	cuckoo (koukoug, cwcwg)
cuas	cavity (kew, cau/ceu-, cave, cage, cava)
cuil, cuileog	fly (n.) (kelien)
cuileann	holly (kelenn, celyn)
cuimhe
cuin?	when (pa(nd), pan, quand, quando, wann...)
cuinne	corner (kogn, cwngl, coin/cogn-, con-)
culaith	(clothes) suit (dilhad, dyllad ?)
cumar	gorge (2: defile) (komm, cwm, combe)
cunntas	account
cùrsa	cruise (kours, course)

ciall (good) sense, meaning, prudence, I believe the first meaning was "wire", "thread" as in brythonic

 

[MOESAN]

I am confused: I see the non celtic words (germanic, latine, slavic) I put at the end of the lines (right side) in italics do not appear (finally) in italics?!?

 

[MOESAN]

I am confused: I see the non celtic words (germanic, latine, slavic) I put at the end of the lines (right side) in italics do not appear (finally) in italics?!?

dail	delay, interval (dale, -?, délai?)
daimh	oxen, bullock (dañvad + dem, dafad, daim)
dair, coill darach	oak (derw/diri, derw, drvo, dorovo)
dall	blind (dall, dall)
damnaîm	to damn (daonañ, -? - damner)
darag	stump of tree
déaganach	deacon (diagon, diacon/diagon, diacre, diacon-)
dealbh	figure, image, form (delwenn, delw)
dealbh	statue (delwenn, delw)
dean	to do (done, daan, tan)
deas	nice (? - destlus ?)
deirim	to tell (dire, decir ?)
deoch	drink (died, diod)
deoir, deur	tear (daer, dagr)
deud	set of teeth (dant, dant)
dhachaidh	at home (deck, dak...?)
dia	god, deity (doue, dyw, dieu, theos...)
diabholl	devil (diaoul, diafol/diawl, diable, diabolo, duvel, duivel, teufel...)
diluchtaîm	to discharge (di + leizh?, di + llwyth?)
dîol	to avenge (dial, dial)
diôthu	dead (dood, tod, döda...)
direach	straight (direct, droit)
dleacht	due (dle/dele, dyled?)
dlî	law (dle/dele, dyled?)
dobhar	water, whiskey (dour/deur, dwr/dwfr, dowr Douvres = Dover !)
docht	tight (doezh, doeth?)
doiligh	difficult (dolor, douleur?)
doimnhe	depth (don, dwfn, diep, tief)
domhain	deap (don, dwfn, diep, tief)
domhan	world (earth) (domaine, doma)
dôrainn (Alban?)	pain (dol, douleur?)
doras	door (dor>dorojoù, dor+drws, deur, tur/tor, dör, dvor...)
dorcha	obscure, dark
dorn	fist (dorn, dwrn)
dorsair	porter? (dor, dor)
draoi(odôir)	wizard (drouiz, derwydd?)
dréacht	draft (draught, dragen, tragen)
droch	evil (droug, drwg)
drùcht	dew (drop?- tropf?)
dubh	black, dark (du, du)
dùil	element (deal, deil, teil, del...???)
duilleog	leaf (deil/delioù, dail)
duine > daoine	man, people (den, dyn)
dùn	castle, forteresse (din, din, town, tuin, zaun)
each (Alban)	horse (-eb, ebeul, ebol, yegua, equus, hyppos)
eascaraid	opponent (-?, esgar-)
eile	second,other? (eil, aill)
eisir, eisear	oyster (istr, eistr???)

no italics again!...

 

[MOESAN]

dail	delay, interval (dale, -?, délai?)
daimh	oxen, bullock (dañvad + dem, dafad, daim)
dair, coill darach	oak (derw/diri, derw, drvo, dorovo)
dall	blind (dall, dall)
damnaîm	to damn (daonañ, -? - damner)
darag	stump of tree
déaganach	deacon (diagon, diacon/diagon, diacre, diacon-)
dealbh	figure, image, form (delwenn, delw)
dealbh	statue (delwenn, delw)
dean	to do (done, daan, tan)
deas	nice (? - destlus ?)
deirim	to tell (dire, decir ?)
deoch	drink (died, diod)
deoir, deur	tear (daer, dagr)
deud	set of teeth (dant, dant)
dhachaidh	at home (deck, dak...?)
dia	god, deity (doue, dyw, dieu, theos...)
diabholl	devil (diaoul, diafol/diawl, diable, diabolo, duvel, duivel, teufel...)
diluchtaîm	to discharge (di + leizh?, di + llwyth?)
dîol	to avenge (dial, dial)
diôthu	dead (dood, tod, döda...)
direach	straight (direct, droit)
dleacht	due (dle/dele, dyled?)
dlî	law (dle/dele, dyled?)
dobhar	water, whiskey (dour/deur, dwr/dwfr, dowr Douvres = Dover !)
docht	tight (doezh, doeth?)
doiligh	difficult (dolor, douleur?)
doimnhe	depth (don, dwfn, diep, tief)
domhain	deap (don, dwfn, diep, tief)
domhan	world (earth) (domaine, doma)
dôrainn (Alban?)	pain (dol, douleur?)
doras	door (dor>dorojoù, dor+drws, deur, tur/tor, dör, dvor...)
dorcha	obscure, dark
dorn	fist (dorn, dwrn)
dorsair	porter? (dor, dor)
draoi(odôir)	wizard (drouiz, derwydd?)
dréacht	draft (draught, dragen, tragen)
droch	evil (droug, drwg)
drùcht	dew (drop?- tropf?)
dubh	black, dark (du, du)
dùil	element (deal, deil, teil, del...???)
duilleog	leaf (deil/delioù, dail)
duine > daoine	man, people (den, dyn)
dùn	castle, forteresse (din, din, town, tuin, zaun)
each (Alban)	horse (-eb, ebeul, ebol, yegua, equus, hyppos)
eascaraid	opponent (-?, esgar-)
eile	second,other? (eil, aill)
eisir, eisear	oyster (istr, eistr???)

no italics again!...

fabhal	fable (fable, fabuler, falar, hablar)
fàgàil	weakness, failing (gwag = blod, laosk?)
fàgaim >> fàg	to abandon (gwag, gwag, vacuum)
faighim	to succumb (faezhañ)
fail	ring, bracelet (gwalenn)
failléan	neglect, waste, loss (gwall, gwall/gwael)
faînleog	swallow (n.) (gwinnel, gwennol)
fàiscaim	to tighten (gwaskañ, gwasgu)
faisg (Alban)	near (gwask, gwasg?)
faisg (Alban)	to press (gwask, gwasg)
fàl	hedge, fence (wall, vall <<?vallum)
fallambh	empty (goullew)
falt, folt	head hair (geot/yeot, gwallt)
fann / fainne	weak (gwan, gwan, vain, vano)
faoil	profuse hospitality (gouel, gwyl, veille, vigile?)
faoileàn	seagull (gouelan, gwylan)
feacaim	to bend (gweañ)
féach	to look, to see, to behold (gweled << gwed-led? - gweld, gweles)
feachd (alb.)	army (faezh, fight, vucht? >< « gweizh », vict-or?)
feacht 2	flow, current (gwazh-ienn, gwyth-?vector ?way ?wag)
feadh, fiodh	tree? - wood? (gwez, gwydd)
feag	Rush (? - gwig ?)
feall	deceit, treachery, failure (?gwall, ?gwall/ ?gwae l >#< fall, faillir)
feamainn	seaweed (gouemon, gwymon)
féan	wain, wagon (wagen, wagen, way, weg, vaj, voie...)
féar, feur	grass (? - gwair)
fear, fîor	man (gour, gwr, viril)
fearg	to be angry (fierce, féroce?)
feàrna, fearnôg	elder tree (gwern, gwern, verne, vergne)
fearr	better (gwell? - well, wel, woll...?)
feart	virtue, quality (gwerzh, gwerth, worth, werd, wert)
feasgar	afternoon? (gousperoù, gosber-, vêpres, vesper-)
feileadh	kilt (gwele?, gwely?)
féith	vein, artery (gwazhienn, gwythïen << gwaezh <?< vect-or)
feonn	to wither (goeñviñ, gwywo?)
fia	deer
fiadhaich	wild, terrible (gouez)
fiailach	weedy (bad grass) (gwialeg? gwiail)
fiàin	wild (gouez- + -n ?)
fine (Alban)	tribe, surname, clan (gouenn???)
fiodhull, fidhle (fidil Iwerzhon)	fiddle, violin (viole, vielle?)
fîodôir	weaver (gwiader, gwead-)
fîon	wine (gwin, gwin, wijn, wein, vin, vin, vino, vino)
fionn	white (gwenn, gwyn)
fîor, fear	true (gwir, gwir, voire, vrai, vero)
fir	man (gour, gwr, viril)
firinn, firinne	truth (gwirionez, gwirionydd)
flath	prince, hero (glad, gwlad)
fliuch	wet (gwleb, gwlyb, fluide, flos)
flós	flower (poetry) << flo-s, flo-ris?
fo-	under- (gou-, go-)
focal	word (vocal, voyelle...)
fochla	excavation (a- gwag-le ? / b- gou-kleuz ?)
fôir	verge (gwial, gwiail ???)
foirceann	end, extremity, extreme (gorffen, gourfenn? << gour-penn ?)
fôisc	ewe (vesp-er?, vecer...?)
folach	concealment, hiding, covering (gou+lec'h?)
folaithe	hidden, occult (gou + leg-? - golo, golo ?)
folamh	hollow (goullew)
folcaim	to wash (gwalc'hiñ, golchi)
folmhaîm	to empty, to evacuate (goullew?)
frag (Alban)	a kind wife (gwreg, gwraig)
freumhach (Alban)	root (gwrizienn ???)
fuath	aversion, hate (gwazh, gwaeth)
fuil	blood (gwae >> gwad/gwaed, gwaed ?)

I'm very confused: this time I put the brittonic words in bold letters, knowing the italics did not pass: same awful result (my god! or hell?!!!): NO bold letter
and no "simple reply"
keep in mind gaelic F- = brittonic GW-...
gaelic -CH(T) = brittonic -ITH/-IZH or -TH/-ZH (if << I-Ean -PT)

 

[MOESAN]

fuip	whip
gabha	smith (gov, gof, gob-)
gag (Alban)	chink, inpediment of speech (gag, -?
gairm	call (garm)
gairm, goirm	to proclaim banns in church (garmiñ, -?)
galan	calling, proclamation (galw, galw)
galar	desease, distemper (glac'har, galar)
gàradh, garradh	yard , garden (-?, gardd, garden, garten, gaard, liorzh, lluorth)
garbh	naughty, crude, asper, rough, coarse (garw, garw)
gé, geadh	goose (gwaez, gwydd)
geolbhach	jowl (géole + bac'h?)
gineal	race, specie (gouenn, gène, génétic, zena...)
glais	to lock (glisig)
glan	pure (glan, glan)
glas	blue, green, grey (glas, glas, glauque???)
gleoite	nice (? - gloeyw, gloria?))
glun, gluin	knee (glin, glin)
gob	beak (gup?)
goile	stomach, appetite (gueule, goule, gula)
goilim	to weep ((g)ouelañ, (g)wylo?)
gôla	hole, orifice (geol, ?, lat- gula >> gueule)
goradh	to heat? (goriñ, gor?)
gorùn	haunch, hip (gar, gar-r)?
gradh	love (grad, gré)
graine	grimace (to grin)
gràn, gràinne	grain (greun/gran, grawn)
grànach	cereal (greuneg/graneg, grawn>>gronog? + graen, grano, grain, corn, koren, korn)
grean	gravel (grouan, gaean)
greim	to grasp, to grip, to hold (germ- grîp- )
gréithe	valuables, ornaments, trinkets, presents (lat- grat- >> gracieux, gratis?)
gri(o)th	cry, shout, grunt (grogner, groin, gr...)
griobh	griffon
griog	slight, irritating, pain (fr. grief?)
grùnta	depth, bottom, sounding (germ- grund)
gual	coal (glaou, glo, kool, kohl?)
guidh	to pray, to wish (-?, gweddïo)
i measc	among (e-mesk, ymysg)
iàrann, iarunn	iron (houarn, haearn << ho-iarn)
ibh (Alban)	to drink (evañ/iviñ, yfed)
inîon, inghean	daughter (?, ? - in + gen- ???)
inmholta	admirable (meuliñ, canmoli)
itheadh (Alban?)	to eat (eten, essen, ete, eta)
iudh, iuch (Alban?)	wood (timber)
iùr	yew (yew, iau, joug)
labh	word, lip (lavar, llafar)
labhair (Alban?)	to speake (lavared, llefaru)
lag	feeble, weak (low, laag?)
laghdaîm	to decrease (low, laag...)
laige	weakness (low, laag?)
lamh	hand, handle (law-igañ?, llaw/llof- <?> palme, palma?)
làn >> laine	full (leun/lan, llawn)
lann	sword, blade (lavn, llafn? lame, laminer)
lao, laogh	calf (# veal) (leue, llo)
laoi, laoidh	« lay » (poem) (lae, play?)
làr	ground, floor (leur/lér/lor, llawr, vloer)
lata	lath (lazh, llath, latte)
leabhar	book (levr, llyfr, livre, libro)
lean	to follow (-?, dilyn)
léannta	erudite (lenn, darllen)
leas-	step- (les-)
leathan	wide, broad (ledan, llydan, platane)
leathar	leather (lêr, lledr)
léim, leum	to spring, to jump (lammad, llamu)
léimneoir	jumper (lammad, llamu)
leipreachàn	sprite, dwarf (leubeurc'henn « clampin »?)
leis	thigh (les, lles)
leisciùil	lazy (laosk, llesg, lâche)
leisg	lazy (laosk, llesg, lâche)
liath	grey (loued, lwyd, lôs)
linne	lake, pond? (lenn, llyn)
lith	pigment (liw, lliw : livide)
lobhar	leper (lovr, llwfr?)
loc	(sheep) fold (lok/log, locus?)
lochta	loft
loiscneach	caustic (losk, llosg)
loisg(each)	to burn (leskiñ/loskién, llosgi)
lom	bare (llwm, llom)
lothainn	pack (lodenn? Lot?)
luaidhe	lead (load)
luaith, luath	ashes (ludu, lludw)
luascaim, luaisg (Alban)	to wag, to swing (luskañ, llusgo)
luasgam (Alban?)	oscillation (liskenn << lusk, llusg)
luch	mouse (logod, llygod)
luchd	pack (leizh 2?, llwyth)*
lucht	cargo (charge) (leizh 2? - llwyth)
luî	to cry, to leaven (leñvañ, llefain)
lus	herb (lousoù, llyseu)