I refer that who open this tópic departs from a mistake on having confused the place name Caladunum with the name of a tribe.
The Caledonians, according to the Latins, is distinguished of the rest of the populations of Britannia and differ from the rest of the populations of Britannia: long members and reddish hairs, front to the gaulish aspect of the British and Iberian of the Wales and Cornwall populations. But certainly the legend has something really.
As well it would be partly true that the process of indo-europeicisation (and later celticisation) on the Atlantic Façade can be attributed to people from where 2500 years later would have settled the Scythians, but not by the own Scythes.
We can presuppose it from a genetical point of view(i), anthropological (ii), archaeological (iii) and linguistic (iiii) point of view:
The Arrival to Western Spain of the of the haplogroups y-dna R1b1b2 and G2a (totaling 73% of the total Galician haplogroups). It is not necessary remind you here the high frequency and antiquity of s116 in the Western Iberia, Liguria, Armorican peninsula and British Isles. But it seems to be in the west of Iberia where probably has its origin, as predicted some years ago D. Faux, spreading with the Hispanic bell-beaker phenomenon extending to the Rhone estuary and, following its course, towards the Alps, and by sea to Brittany and the British Isles. While, most of the haplogroup I (12-13 %) have a Germanic origin (suebi and marcomani) in Galicia.
Others haplotypes present in the Galician and Asturian population, is the dominant AH7.1 (HLA-A3/B7/DR15), which is very frequent also in south of Great Britain, and Ireland; the AH44.2, which is typical of the Atlantic regions; AH18.1, which is common in the Mediterranean; and the AH8.1, which is frequently found in Central European regions and Scandinavia. The matching of the dominant haplotype AH7.1 (HLA-A3/B7/DR15) in Galicia and Asturias and its high frequencies, also, in Ireland and the south of Great Britain, seems to indicate a degree of communication and genetic interchange in this area, which corresponds to a Celtic cultural matrix/structure, even though this cultural entity/identity may not necessarily entail a racial entity/identity.
In other hand, in the Galician population the most common phenotype, in contrast with the Basques, is the european GM*3 23 5* haplotype that represents 73% and the most common KM phenotype is KM (-1) (79.6%) and its corresponding KM*3 allele reached at frequency of 89.2%, which is within the range of European values. Galician population belongs to cluster C3 (like Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, France and half Western Iberia).
‘The Helgason indo-european mtDNA’ (U2 + U3 + U4 + I + W) reached in Galicia 12.3%: cf. Ireland 14.16%, Walles 3.3%, Cornwall 11.6%, Belgium 6.3%, France 5.4%, Denmark 3.1%, Austria 9.4%, Switzerland 8.4%, Italian Alpes7.9%, Germany meridional 12%, Cantabria 10.3%, Central Spain 4.4%, Spain Meridional 6.5%, Catalonia 26.6%, Portugal 7.7%).
(ii) The same situation can be seen with a important dental study, of bell-beaker epoch, by J Desideri. The anthropological detectable changes in the Alps and other European areas, suppose the superposition of populations from proceeding the Iberian Peninsula it would have followed the course of the Rhone, that would have followed the course of the Rhone, introducing the bell-beaker phenomenon.
(iii) At the end of the Copper Age and beginning of the Bronze Age to burst into the half western Iberian the ‘stela anthropomorphes, statues-menhir and Mother Godess populations’, that will distinguish absolutely the Atlantic Facade of the rest of the European west. This type of material culture connects directly with the Kemi Oba Culture (Yamnaya Tribes) and Usatovo, that is projected along the Danube to reaching the N of Italy and penetrating in the SW Iberia, via Sardinia.
Where is the actual origin of the Bell Beakers we can trace until the Iberic Peninsula (confirmed by radiocarbon dating). And above all, why did this expansion follow two directions: along the Atlantic coast and the northern Mediterranean coast. The situation in Portugal in the middle of the third millennium, with the exacerbation of the characteristics of the final Neolithic (extreme density of sites, fortifications and building of monuments, social and individual markers) may constitute the only one answer to these two questions.
The Iberian bell-beaker whole is clearly defined by his morphology, technology and chronology (2900 b.C. in examples from the center of Portugal, Galicia and the Superior Iberian Plateau (and from Liguria and the Rhone Valley), whereas in the Nothern Europe this chronology does not go beyond of 2450 b. C.. The oldest stylistic predominance in Galicia is the 'peiteado' with nit comb or with shell, that spreads to the French Britanny.
Petroglyphs (also called rock engravings) with similar representations in Galicia, Ireland and Valcamonica (the oldest) and battle axes or maces in Galicia. This single tipología can correspond with own archaeological models of the Culture of Kemi Oba and Usatovo. The horse and the carts, like military or prestygian symbols of a certain elite.
It is born prosperous Atlantic commercial trade and interchanges, moving copper from SW Iberia and British Islands, tin from Galicia and British Islands and gold from Galicia. In the Atlantic facade products are seen such and indenticals. The commercial interchanges also arrive at the Mediterranean (as recently it has been demonstrated with the appearance of a Galician engrave where representing an Egyptian crewed ship, dated between 1900-1500 a.C.).
(iii) It is particularly curious that in where all these phenomena are observables we can detect celtic languages. From Netherlands to the Sw of Poland and Bohemia; from South of Iberia to Ireland. Today we think about an initial koiné (Indo-European > palaeoceltic > protoceltic) with different degrees from learning and dialectal differentiation according to the geographic scale, environment, possesion of objects of prestige and imitation of the Elites language.
Today a process of hallstatización in Iberia cannot be maintained (It has never been demonstrated arqueological sources), since the celtic language registered in Tartesos is previous and contemporary to Hallstatt. On the other hand, the ‘urnenfelderkultur’ in the peninsular NE , Levant, Pirineos, and in Gascogne and Aquitania presupposes not the indo-europeization of this zone, but his aquitano-iberization (cf. Almagro, Lorrio). The marker 49f indicates the mutation SRY2627+ (not present in Galicia: 0.6%) and divergence between Basque and Iberian language 3000-3500 years ago, and we can found too in this area the marker 22, irrelevant in Western Iberia and Central Europe. The historical Iberian is a zonal standard language, but different to the popular language: cf. Barcelona: eukin; Girona: altikem, kelboio, kosi, lasbe, osato, baRtoin, boboRba, tibaRSar; Tarragona: letaombi; Azaile (Huesca): antu, abaio, aboki, atikis, irsal, kutui, baiti, balte, bartar,barbor, bateba, belu, bokau, tikambe. It is not Iberian standard it seems Basque.
the maritime Atlantic trade of products was very, very important, and continued being with the arrival of Unetice's trends; Atlantic models continue being imported and being imitated in the Alps and Renania to La Tène, of the same one that there import and imitate models style Unetice in the Atlantic Facade. This situation forces to tended establish one ' lingua franca, like , for example, the Egyptian, the Ionic, the Iberian or the Phoenician; this language will be the western Atlantic Celtic characterized for the original indo-european Q (kw). The Gaul and the Italic languages would derive from the ligúr (palaeoceltic-italic: and where the settlement of the stelas people is equally important). Look that the Ligúr is a language clossed to the Lusitanian (atlantic palaeoceltic).
The standard atlantic language, protoceltic, with its local varieties, it is therefore fragmented. But there is a distintive element to detect its antiquity, beyond the own names of the rivers. The normal presence of the indo-european phoneme p in western Iberia, classically considered not celtic, but with the appearance of words with this phoneme in Lepontic (uperams, coplutum, pala) has stopped being one of the principal linguistic characteristics of the celtic language.
The lack of p is an indo-european anomaly, that could be related to badly learning of this language (the same it is observed in germanic, in front of the Slavic languages, or in armenian where is lack of p by caucasian interferences). It is in half western Iberia, where the language is closest to Indo-European common and also in the ligur-alpine region. The dialectos rest of the celtics dialects are stumped as they move away of both matrices and they even conserve premegalíticos linguistic symptoms that have been related to bereber, as the complexity of his verbal system, the plurality of the plural, the syntactic order, etc. (Schrijver 2003, Kuhn, 2005)
