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at Maciamo
Let me just break down (simplify) what i wrote [quotes/sources] on posts # 6, # 11, # 14.
Its important to note 2 things, time-line and geography.
Remedello II - [2900 - 2500 BC] - Copper Age - North Italy (Alps/Po Valley)
first expansion of Indo-Europeans; mixed Civilization;
Terremare - [1500 - 1100 BC] - Bronze Age - North Italy (Po Valley)
first substantial wave of Indo-Europeans (Umbrians) via Swiss lake-dwellings
Villanova I - [1200 - 900 BC] - Bronze Age - North Italy (Po Valley)
part of Urnfield Culture Complex; Umbrian - Pelasgian (Tyrsenoi) Hybrid;
1 Certosa Situla, 2 Arnoaldi Situla, 3 Warriors from Arnoaldi Situla - from near Bologna, North Italy
Villanova II - [900 - 700 BC] - Iron Age - North & Central Italy (Po Valley/Appenines/Tuscany)
emergence of Etruscan Civilization (Tyrsenoi Dominant);
extensive contacts to Greek Colonies (Magna Graecia) Alphabet/Mythology/Pottery
North Italy in the times of Villanova II [Etruscan Civ.]
was the Golasecca and Este cultures
(BOTH Indo-European [Insubres (Umbrian) / Veneti] and part of the Urnfield culture complex)
Howard H. Scullard - A History of the Roman World (2003) [Kings College - London]
Beside the Villanovans two other main kindred groups who cremated their dead can be distinguished in North Italy from about 900 BC onwards: the Golasecca culture and the Atestine, the former around Lake Maggiore, in Piedmont and Lombardy, and around Lake Como, where regional differences occur; where regional differences occur; the latter around Este (ancient Ateste) in Venetia. The Golaseccans, unlike the Atestines and Villanovans of Bologna, had a warrior class, as is clear from the chariots and weapons found in the graves of some of their chieftains.
Golasecca - [900 - 350 BC] - Bronze Age / Iron Age
Insubres (Umbrians) Indo-Europeans; contacts with Hallstatt;
Golasecca tomb of Sesto-Calende, Lombardy / 7th cen BC
http://www.comune.sesto-calende.va.it/tur_cult/museoweb/1ferro_c/principesche/principesche.htm
The Lepontic language is associated with the Golasecca culture
http://www.ancient-celts.com/LanguagesLepontic.html
Este - [900 - Roman Times] - Bronze Age / Iron Age
second substantial wave of Indo-Europeans (Veneti); extensive contacts with Hallstatt
Veneti - Bronze Situla Cover - 6th cen BC, from Este - Veneto
Hallstatt proper is only C - D [750 - 400 BC] Hallstatt A - B is Bronze Age Urnfield [1200 - 750 BC] (not distinctive)
Este and Golasecca had extensive contacts with Hallstatt;
You are correct that it all goes in circles, but keep in mind that Este and Golasecca were kindred to the earlier and more sophisticated Villanova I [Umbrian-Pelasgian Hybrid / Urnfield culture] and Villanova II [Etruscan civ.]
Alphabets of Golasecca and Este coming via Villanova II
[Etruscan (from Greek Cumaen) Runic Alphabet]
Golasecca - Lepontic Inscr. Vergiate, Verese - Lombardy
Venetic cup from Lozzo Atestino - Veneto
To really make it simple: 4 important migrations:
1. Copper Age - Indo-European - Remedello II
2. Bronze Age - Indo-European [Umbrian] - Terremare
3. Bronze Age - Non-Indo-European [Pelasgian (Tyrsenoi)] - Villanova I (mixed with Umbrians)
4. Iron Age - Indo-European [Veneti] - Este culture (Urnfield / offshoot Villanova I)
all other info (details) on posts # 6, # 11, #14
in 2008 the cremation urns in venetia, in many sites are dated to 1050BC ( so Far ) ...a slight change from the 2003 findings.
Findings by Elisa Perego
good clarity article by you, ty