Krakow Travel Guide

Introduction

Kraków, the second-most populous city in Poland with nearly 800,000 inhabitants, is a treasure trove of history and culture. Once the capital of Poland from 1038 to 1596, this ancient city boasts parts dating back to the 7th century. Its Old Town, along with Wawel Royal Castle, was the first UNESCO World Heritage Site in the world, recognised in 1978 for its outstanding urban planning and architectural styles spanning from Romanesque to Modernist periods. Kraków's main market square is the largest in Europe, surrounded by historical houses, palaces, and churches. The city is renowned for its vibrant nightlife, excellent cuisine, and numerous tourist attractions, including the iconic St. Mary's Church, the Jewish Quarter of Kazimierz, and the sobering Auschwitz-Birkenau memorial just outside the city. With its rich cultural offerings, from theatres and museums to festivals and street performances, Kraków continues to be one of the most visited and beloved cities in Poland.

Interesting Facts about Krakow

• Kraków boasts Europe's largest medieval market square, Rynek Główny, spanning an impressive 40,000 square metres.
• The city was Poland's capital from 1038 to 1596 before the royal court moved to Warsaw.
• Kraków's Old Town became the world's first UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1978.
• The legendary Wawel Dragon is said to have lived in a cave at the foot of Wawel Hill, now home to a fire-breathing dragon statue.
• Kraków is home to Jagiellonian University, one of the oldest universities in the world, founded in 1364.
• The city hosts over 200 churches, earning it the nickname "The City of Churches".
• Kraków's population includes nearly 200,000 students out of its total 750,000 residents.
• The Sigismund Bell in Wawel Cathedral, cast in 1520, requires 12 bell-ringers to set it in motion.
• Kraków contains five nature reserves, covering 0.14% of the city's area.
• Steven Spielberg filmed numerous scenes for "Schindler's List" in Kraków's Kazimierz district.

History

The city's origins are steeped in legend, with tales of its founding by the mythical ruler Krakus, who built it above a cave occupied by a dragon. The first written record of Kraków's name appears in 965, describing it as a notable commercial centre. By the end of the 10th century, Kraków had become a leading centre of trade, with brick buildings, including the Royal Wawel Castle, being constructed.

In 1038, Kraków became the capital of Poland, a position it held until 1596. During this period, the city flourished as a hub of Polish academic, cultural, and artistic life. However, Kraków's history was not without turmoil. The city endured several Mongol invasions in the 13th century, including devastating attacks in 1241 and 1259. Despite these setbacks, Kraków was rebuilt and granted city rights based on the Magdeburg law in 1257, allowing for tax benefits and new trade privileges for its citizens.

Throughout its history, Kraków has been a melting pot of cultures and influences. The city saw periods of Bohemian rule, was part of the Austrian Empire as the Grand Duchy of Kraków, and even existed as the Free City of Kraków from 1815 to 1846. Despite the shifting political landscape, Kraków maintained its status as a centre of Polish nationalism and culture. Today, the city's well-preserved medieval Old Town and Jewish Quarter stand as testaments to its long and varied history, attracting visitors from around the world to explore its cobbled streets and magnificent architecture.

Main Attractions

Old Town (Stare Miasto)

The Old Town, known locally as Stare Miasto, is the historic heart of Kraków and a UNESCO World Heritage site. This medieval urban layout has remained largely unchanged for centuries, offering visitors a glimpse into Poland's rich past. The district is encircled by the Planty Park, a green belt that replaced the old city walls, creating a peaceful boundary between the historic centre and the more modern parts of the city.

At the core of the Old Town lies the Main Market Square (Rynek Główny), Europe's largest medieval town square, covering an impressive 40,000 square metres. This expansive space has been the city's focal point since the 13th century, hosting markets, public executions, and royal processions throughout its history. Today, it's a vibrant hub of activity, lined with colourful townhouses, cafes, and restaurants. Street performers, horse-drawn carriages, and the constant bustle of locals and tourists alike contribute to its lively atmosphere.

Dominating the square is the Renaissance-style Cloth Hall (Sukiennice), a testament to Kraków's historical importance as a centre of trade. Originally built in the 14th century and rebuilt in the 16th century after a fire, this elongated building once served as the main centre of international trade. Its ground floor continues this tradition, housing rows of stalls selling traditional Polish crafts and souvenirs. The upper floor is home to the Sukiennice Museum, a branch of the National Museum in Kraków, showcasing 19th-century Polish art.

On the eastern side of the square stands the iconic St. Mary's Basilica, a Gothic church instantly recognisable by its two towers of unequal height. The taller tower, reaching 80 metres, is famous for its hourly trumpet call (Hejnał mariacki). This haunting melody, played by a trumpeter, breaks off mid-tune to commemorate a 13th-century trumpeter who was shot in the throat while sounding the alarm during a Mongol invasion. The church's interior is equally impressive, featuring stunning stained-glass windows and, most notably, the magnificent wooden altarpiece carved by Veit Stoss in the 15th century.

Wawel Castle and Cathedral

Perched atop Wawel Hill, overlooking the Vistula River, the Wawel Castle and Cathedral complex is perhaps the most important historical and cultural site in Poland. This architectural ensemble, which served as the political and spiritual heart of the Polish state for centuries, embodies the nation's identity and sovereignty.

The Wawel Castle, a potent symbol of Polish statehood, was the residence of Polish kings for over 500 years. Its current form is the result of numerous renovations and expansions over the centuries, resulting in a fascinating mix of Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance, and Baroque architectural styles. Visitors can explore the State Rooms, adorned with an impressive collection of Flemish tapestries, and the Royal Private Apartments, which offer insight into the daily lives of Polish monarchs. The Crown Treasury and Armoury house Poland's coronation regalia and an extensive collection of military artefacts.

Adjacent to the castle stands Wawel Cathedral, the coronation site and burial place of Polish monarchs. This Gothic structure, built in the 14th century on the site of two earlier churches, is steeped in Polish history and legend. Its crypt contains the tombs of kings, national heroes, and revered poets, making it a place of great national significance. The cathedral's Sigismund Chapel, with its golden dome, is considered one of the finest examples of Renaissance architecture north of the Alps.

Kazimierz

Once an independent city founded in the 14th century by King Casimir III the Great, Kazimierz is now a district of Kraków renowned for its Jewish heritage and bohemian atmosphere. For centuries, it was a place where Jewish and Christian cultures coexisted and flourished, until the devastation of World War II. Today, Kazimierz has experienced a renaissance, becoming one of Kraków's most exciting and creative neighbourhoods.

The district is home to numerous synagogues, each with its own unique history and architectural style. The Old Synagogue, the oldest surviving Jewish place of worship in Poland, now houses a museum dedicated to Jewish history and culture. The nearby Remuh Synagogue, still active today, is adjacent to a historic Jewish cemetery where many prominent rabbis and Jewish scholars are buried.

Kazimierz is not just about its Jewish past; it's also Kraków's hub for art and creativity. The district's streets are lined with vintage shops, art galleries, and quirky cafes. Plac Nowy, the central square, hosts a daily market and transforms into a bustling food court in the evenings, famous for its zapiekanka (Polish open-faced sandwiches). The annual Jewish Culture Festival, held in Kazimierz, is one of the largest presentations of contemporary Jewish culture in the world.

Father Bernatek Footbridge

Connecting the districts of Kazimierz and Podgórze across the Vistula River, the Father Bernatek Footbridge is a striking example of modern urban design in Kraków. This 130-metre long pedestrian and cyclist bridge, opened in 2010, has quickly become a beloved landmark and a popular spot for both locals and tourists.

The bridge's sleek, contemporary design contrasts beautifully with the historic architecture of the surrounding areas. Its S-shaped deck and distinctive supporting arch make it a visually striking addition to the cityscape. At night, subtle lighting transforms the bridge into an ethereal structure reflected in the waters of the Vistula.

Beyond its practical function of improving connectivity between two vibrant districts, the bridge has become a place of social interaction and artistic expression. It's a favoured spot for couples, who often attach 'love locks' to its railings as a symbol of their commitment. The bridge has also played host to various cultural events and temporary art installations, further cementing its place in Kraków's cultural life.

Nowa Huta

Nowa Huta, meaning "New Steelworks", is a district that offers a stark contrast to the medieval charm of Kraków's Old Town. Built in the 1940s as a model socialist city, it is one of the most prominent examples of social realist architecture and urban planning in Europe. This planned community was designed to be an ideal city for the working class, centred around the Lenin Steelworks (now ArcelorMittal Poland).

The district is characterised by its wide, tree-lined avenues radiating from central squares, and uniform apartment blocks built in the socialist realist style. The Central Square (Plac Centralny), renamed Ronald Reagan Square in 2004, showcases classic examples of this architectural style. Despite its utilitarian origins, many of Nowa Huta's buildings display impressive architectural details and craftsmanship.

While initially built as a separate city, Nowa Huta was incorporated into Kraków in 1951. Today, it offers visitors a fascinating glimpse into Poland's communist past. The district has embraced its unique heritage, with museums like the Nowa Huta Museum and various tour companies offering insights into life during the socialist era. Paradoxically, Nowa Huta also became a centre of resistance against the communist regime, playing a significant role in the Solidarity movement of the 1980s.

In recent years, Nowa Huta has been undergoing a transformation. While preserving its historical character, the district is developing a new identity as a centre for alternative culture and green initiatives. Community gardens, artistic projects, and cultural events are breathing new life into this historically significant area, making it an increasingly popular destination for those seeking to explore a different facet of Kraków's rich tapestry.

Top Museums

Historical Museums

Rynek Underground

Situated beneath the iconic Main Market Square, this innovative museum offers a captivating journey through medieval Kraków. Spanning an impressive 6,000 square metres, it features a myriad of interactive exhibitions, cutting-edge holograms, and authentic archaeological finds. Visitors are transported back in time, experiencing the sights, sounds, and atmosphere of 13th-century Kraków. The museum's highlight is a glass-bottomed walkway suspended above the excavated remains of medieval market stalls, providing a unique perspective on the city's rich history.

Oskar Schindler's Factory

Located in the former enamel factory of Oskar Schindler, this museum tells the compelling story of Schindler's efforts to save over 1,000 Jews during the Nazi occupation. Through meticulously curated interactive exhibits, poignant photographs, and powerful video testimonials, visitors can explore the lives of ghetto residents and gain profound insight into Kraków's wartime history. The museum goes beyond Schindler's story, offering a comprehensive look at life in occupied Kraków, making it a must-visit for history enthusiasts.

Home Army Museum

Dedicated to the Polish resistance movement during World War II, this museum offers a poignant look at Poland's struggle against occupation. It houses an extensive collection of artefacts, documents, and personal accounts from members of the Home Army. The exhibits provide a detailed overview of underground operations, sabotage missions, and the Warsaw Uprising, offering visitors a deeper understanding of Poland's role in the war.

Galicia Jewish Museum

This modern museum celebrates the Jewish culture and history of Galicia, a historical region that encompassed parts of modern-day Poland and Ukraine. Through contemporary photography and multimedia exhibits, it tells the story of Jewish life in the region before, during, and after the Holocaust. The museum's approach is both educational and thought-provoking, encouraging visitors to reflect on the rich Jewish heritage of Kraków and its surrounding areas.

Kraków Historical Museum

Spread across several locations throughout the city, this museum complex offers a comprehensive look at Kraków's history from its earliest days to the present. Notable branches include the Krzysztofory Palace, which houses exhibits on city life and traditions, and the Hipolit House, showcasing bourgeois interiors from the 17th to the 19th centuries.

Art Museums

National Museum in Kraków

Housing an extensive collection of Polish art from the 20th century, this museum showcases a wide range of paintings, sculptures, and decorative arts. Its impressive display includes glassware, porcelain, ceramics, fashion, and furniture. The museum's most famous work is Leonardo da Vinci's "Lady with an Ermine", which has found its permanent home here. Visitors can also admire works by Polish masters such as Jan Matejko and Stanisław Wyspiański, as well as an extensive collection of arms and armour.

Czartoryski Museum

Considered one of the finest museums in Kraków, it houses an exquisite collection of art and antiques amassed by the Czartoryski family over generations. The museum's most famous piece is Leonardo da Vinci's "Lady with an Ermine", but it also boasts works by Rembrandt and rare ancient artefacts. The museum's interiors, designed to resemble the family's original collection rooms, add to the overall experience.

Museum of Contemporary Art (MOCAK)

Opened in 2011, MOCAK showcases modern and contemporary art in a striking architectural setting. The museum's collection features works by both Polish and international artists, focusing on art created from the 1960s onwards. Regular temporary exhibitions, educational programmes, and a well-stocked art library make MOCAK a hub for contemporary art enthusiasts.

Stained Glass Museum

Located in a historic townhouse, this living museum allows visitors to observe active stained-glass painters at work while admiring over 200 beautiful stained-glass pieces. The museum offers workshops where visitors can try their hand at this intricate art form. The building itself, with its Art Nouveau interiors, is a work of art in its own right.

CRICOTEKA - Centre for the Documentation of the Art of Tadeusz Kantor

This unique institution is dedicated to the work of Tadeusz Kantor, one of Poland's most influential 20th-century artists and theatre directors. The museum's striking modern building houses Kantor's paintings, installations, and theatrical props, offering insight into his groundbreaking artistic vision.

Specialised Museums

Polish Aviation Museum

One of the world's largest aircraft museums, it's housed in the former Kraków Airport and features an impressive collection of aviation history. Visitors can explore over 200 aircraft, including rare Polish designs, World War II fighters, and Cold War-era jets. The museum also houses an extensive collection of aircraft engines and aviation memorabilia.

Ethnographic Museum

Housed in an imposing Renaissance-style building in the Kazimierz district, this museum illustrates traditional Polish culture. Its extensive collection includes folk costumes, crafts, and everyday objects from various regions of Poland. The museum offers insight into rural life, customs, and traditions, making it a treasure trove for those interested in Polish folklore.

Archaeological Museum

As Poland's oldest archaeological museum, it houses over 500,000 unique artefacts representing the country's early history. Highlights include an extensive collection of Egyptian mummies and sarcophagi, as well as artefacts from ancient Greece and Rome. The museum's prize exhibit is the Zbruch Idol, a rare example of a Slavic deity statue.

Pharmacy Museum

Housed in a beautiful Gothic townhouse, this unique museum showcases the history of pharmacy from the Middle Ages to the present day. Visitors can explore recreated apothecary interiors, examine antique pharmaceutical equipment, and learn about traditional remedies and the evolution of medical science.

Museum of Municipal Engineering

This interactive museum, located in a former tram depot, tells the story of Kraków's technological development. Exhibits include vintage trams, cars, and motorcycles, as well as displays on urban planning and public utilities. The museum offers hands-on experiences, making it particularly appealing to younger visitors.

Unique Experiences

Manggha Museum of Japanese Art and Technology

Designed by renowned Japanese architect Arata Isozaki, this distinctive museum offers insights into Japanese art, music, film, literature, and religion. Visitors can participate in activities such as paper jewellery making and traditional tea ceremonies. The museum's striking architecture, blending Japanese and Polish influences, is an attraction in itself.

Jagiellonian University Museum

Located in the university's original building, this museum documents the history of one of Europe's oldest universities. It features astronomical instruments from the time of Nicolaus Copernicus, who studied there in the 15th century. The museum's highlight is the Jagiellonian Globe, one of the earliest globes to depict the Americas.

Kraków Pinball Museum

For something completely different, this interactive museum allows visitors to play on over 50 pinball machines from various eras. It's a hands-on experience that combines nostalgia with fun, appealing to visitors of all ages.

Museum of Illusions

This modern, interactive museum offers a playful exploration of optical illusions, holograms, and puzzles. It's a fun and educational experience that challenges visitors' perceptions and provides plenty of photo opportunities.

Local Cuisine

The city's signature dish is obwarzanek krakowski, a ring-shaped bread with a crispy crust, often sprinkled with sesame seeds or salt. Food enthusiasts should not miss pierogi, delectable dumplings filled with various savoury or sweet ingredients. For a hearty meal, try maczanka krakowska, a pork sandwich dripping with flavourful sauce, or kiełbasa krakowska, a thick, smoked sausage best enjoyed with fresh bread. Those with a sweet tooth will relish papal cream puffs, a dessert beloved by Pope John Paul II. For a quick bite, head to Plac Nowy in the Kazimierz district for zapiekanka, an open-faced sandwich topped with mushrooms, cheese, and an array of toppings. Wash it all down with a glass of Polish vodka or a locally brewed beer for a truly authentic Kraków dining experience.

Shopping

The centrally-located Galeria Krakowska, adjacent to the main train station, houses over 270 shops and restaurants across three floors, open daily until late. For a more unique experience, the historic Cloth Hall in the Main Market Square offers local crafts and souvenirs. Galeria Kazimierz in the Jewish quarter provides high-end boutiques and original clothing. Vintage enthusiasts can explore shops like Obcy w Mojej Szafie in Stare Podgórze for curated second-hand finds. For everyday essentials and late-night needs, numerous 24-hour convenience stores are scattered throughout the city. Shoppers can also take advantage of seasonal fairs and markets, such as the Christmas market on the Main Square, for distinctive regional products.

Nature in and around Krakow

Kraków and its surroundings offer a wealth of natural attractions for visitors to enjoy. The city itself is one of the greenest in Poland, with a green belt of over 20 hectares encircling the medieval Old Town. The Planty, a park that surrounds the city centre, provides a pleasant space for strolls and picnics. Along the Wisła River, the boulevards offer scenic walks and cycling routes. Just outside the city, the Wolski Forest boasts 422 hectares of protected woodlands with 35km of hiking trails. Nature lovers can explore the nearby Ojców National Park, known for its limestone formations and caves, including the King Lokietek Cave. The Tatra Mountains, part of the Tatra National Park, provide opportunities for hiking and skiing. For those seeking water-based activities, the Kryspinów Lagoon, 12km from Kraków, offers beaches and various water sports, while the Zakrzówek lagoon, closer to the city centre, provides a picturesque setting for swimming and relaxation.

Planty Park

Encircling the Old Town, Planty Park is a green oasis in the heart of Kraków. This 21,000 square metre park was created in the early 19th century on the site of the medieval city walls and moat, which were demolished under Austrian rule. Today, it serves as a pleasant buffer between the historic centre and the rest of the city, offering residents and visitors alike a space for relaxation and recreation.

The park is divided into 30 smaller gardens, each with its own character and features. As you stroll through Planty, you'll encounter numerous monuments dedicated to important Polish historical figures, including poet Adam Mickiewicz and astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus. Fountains, flowerbeds, and tree-lined alleys create a serene atmosphere, while benches provide ample opportunity for rest and people-watching.

Planty is not just a static green space; it's a living part of Kraków's urban fabric. In spring and summer, it bursts into colour with blooming flowers and lush greenery. In autumn, the changing leaves create a spectacular display. Even in winter, the snow-covered paths and frosted trees offer a magical scene. Throughout the year, Planty serves as a popular meeting place and a favoured route for locals moving between different parts of the city.

Vistula Boulevards

The Vistula Boulevards, running along both banks of Poland's longest river, offer a refreshing escape from the bustling city centre. These picturesque promenades have become increasingly popular in recent years, following extensive renovation and development projects. They now serve as a recreational space for both locals and tourists, perfect for walking, jogging, cycling, or simply relaxing by the water.

On the Kazimierz side, the boulevard features a wide, paved path lined with benches and punctuated by open green spaces. This area is particularly lively in the summer months when temporary bars and cafes pop up, creating a festive atmosphere. The opposite bank, near Wawel Castle, offers a more natural setting with grassy areas ideal for picnics.

One of the most notable features along the boulevards is the statue of the Wawel Dragon, a legendary creature in Polish folklore said to have lived in a cave at the foot of Wawel Hill. This playful sculpture periodically breathes real fire, delighting visitors of all ages. Another touching monument found here is the statue of Dżok, a dog who waited faithfully for his deceased owner at the same spot for a year, capturing the hearts of Kraków's residents.

Krakus Mound

Rising 16 metres above the surrounding area, Krakus Mound is believed to be the oldest man-made structure in Kraków. Its origins are shrouded in mystery, with theories dating its construction to between the 7th and 10th centuries. According to legend, it marks the burial place of the city's mythical founder, King Krakus.

Despite its ancient origins, the mound offers thoroughly modern appeal. Its summit provides panoramic views of the city, including the Old Town, Wawel Castle, and the more recent additions to Kraków's skyline. On clear days, visitors can even see the distant Tatra Mountains. The mound is particularly popular during the Rękawka Festival, a folk event held shortly after Easter that combines pagan and Christian traditions.

The area surrounding Krakus Mound has its own historical significance. Nearby is the former Liban Quarry, which was turned into a labour camp during the Nazi occupation and later served as a film set for Steven Spielberg's "Schindler's List". Today, nature has reclaimed much of this area, creating an unusual juxtaposition of industrial remnants and wild greenery.

Getting There & Around

Krakow is well-connected and easy to navigate, making it a traveller-friendly destination. The John Paul II International Airport, located 11 km from the city centre, offers convenient transport options. Visitors can take a train to Kraków Główny (main station) for 9 PLN, with services running twice hourly from 4:17 AM to 11:08 PM. Alternatively, buses 208 and 209 operate between 4:30 AM and 10:30 PM for 5 PLN, whilst night bus 902 runs hourly from 11:05 PM to 4:05 AM. Once in the city, Krakow's integrated bus and tram system provides excellent coverage, operating from 5:00 AM to 11:00 PM with less frequent night services. Tickets are time-based, starting from 4 PLN for a 20-minute journey, and can be purchased at stops or on board. For those who prefer walking, the compact Old Town and Kazimierz districts are easily explored on foot. To save money on transport and attractions, consider purchasing a KrakowCard, which offers unlimited public transport and entry to numerous museums.

Best Time to Visit

The best time to visit Krakow is during the spring months of May and June or in early autumn, particularly September. During these periods, the weather is pleasantly mild, with temperatures ranging from 15°C to 25°C, making it ideal for exploring the city's historic sites and charming streets. These shoulder seasons offer a perfect balance of comfortable weather and fewer crowds compared to the peak summer months. Visitors can enjoy longer daylight hours, blooming flowers in spring, or the golden hues of autumn foliage, enhancing the city's already picturesque medieval architecture. Additionally, these months often feature local festivals and events, adding to the cultural experience. While summer can be lovely, it tends to be more crowded and expensive, whereas winter, though atmospheric with potential snowfall, can be quite cold and dark, limiting outdoor activities.