I have started calculating the K12b average of populations tested by
Patterson et al. 2021. There are over 800 genomes so it's going to take time.
Tumulus culture 1600-1200 BCE (n=4)
[TABLE="class: distances"]
[TR]
[TH="align: right"]Distance to:[/TH]
[TH="align: left"]MBA_Tumulus_culture_(n=4)[/TH]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="bgcolor: #40FF00, align: right"]1.86791327[/TD]
[TD]French_Normandie[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="bgcolor: #52FF00, align: right"]2.41236399[/TD]
[TD]Belgian_average[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="bgcolor: #70FF00, align: right"]3.28112785[/TD]
[TD]Belgian_Wallonia[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="bgcolor: #70FF00, align: right"]3.30603993[/TD]
[TD]Belgian_mixed[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="bgcolor: #7CFF00, align: right"]3.64654631[/TD]
[TD]French_North[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="bgcolor: #90FF00, align: right"]4.24736389[/TD]
[TD]French_Northeast[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="bgcolor: #92FF00, align: right"]4.28307133[/TD]
[TD]French_Bretagne[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="bgcolor: #96FF00, align: right"]4.42453387[/TD]
[TD]Belgian_Flanders[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="bgcolor: #BAFF00, align: right"]5.47127956[/TD]
[TD]French_Northwest[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="bgcolor: #C2FF00, align: right"]5.71448160[/TD]
[TD]English_South[/TD]
[/TR]
[/TABLE]
This Middle Bronze Age culture from the north of the Alps was very similar to modern Belgian and North French people.
Hallstatt culture (1200-500 BCE) (n=12)
[TABLE="class: distances"]
[TR]
[TH="align: right"]Distance to:[/TH]
[TH="align: left"]Hallstatt_Celts_(n=2)[/TH]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="bgcolor: #72FF00, align: right"]3.36511515[/TD]
[TD]French_Normandie[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="bgcolor: #82FF00, align: right"]3.82134793[/TD]
[TD]Belgian_Wallonia[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="bgcolor: #9AFF00, align: right"]4.54057265[/TD]
[TD]Belgian_mixed[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="bgcolor: #9EFF00, align: right"]4.63450105[/TD]
[TD]French_Northeast[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="bgcolor: #A2FF00, align: right"]4.77596064[/TD]
[TD]French_North[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="bgcolor: #A4FF00, align: right"]4.81742670[/TD]
[TD]French_Bretagne[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="bgcolor: #A5FF00, align: right"]4.84986598[/TD]
[TD]Belgian_average[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="bgcolor: #D8FF00, align: right"]6.34616420[/TD]
[TD]French_South[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="bgcolor: #E0FF00, align: right"]6.59771172[/TD]
[TD]French[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="bgcolor: #EEFF00, align: right"]6.99194537[/TD]
[TD]German_Bavaria[/TD]
[/TR]
[/TABLE]
The Tumulus culture was succeeded by the Hallstatt culture, which spanned from the Late Bronze Age to Early Iron Age. We can see the genetic continuity.
La Tène Celts from Central Europe (450-50 BCE) (n=55)
[TABLE="class: distances"]
[TR]
[TH="align: right"]Distance to:[/TH]
[TH="align: left"]La_Tène_Celts_(n=55)[/TH]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="bgcolor: #42FF00, align: right"]1.93842720[/TD]
[TD]Belgian_average[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="bgcolor: #4EFF00, align: right"]2.29305473[/TD]
[TD]Belgian_mixed[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="bgcolor: #73FF00, align: right"]3.38725553[/TD]
[TD]French_Normandie[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="bgcolor: #7FFF00, align: right"]3.74615803[/TD]
[TD]French_Bretagne[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="bgcolor: #82FF00, align: right"]3.82584631[/TD]
[TD]Belgian_Flanders[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="bgcolor: #84FF00, align: right"]3.88808436[/TD]
[TD]Belgian_Wallonia[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="bgcolor: #89FF00, align: right"]4.01884312[/TD]
[TD]French_North[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="bgcolor: #8EFF00, align: right"]4.16618531[/TD]
[TD]French_Northeast[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="bgcolor: #8FFF00, align: right"]4.20378401[/TD]
[TD]German_Bavaria[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="bgcolor: #C3FF00, align: right"]5.72878696[/TD]
[TD]Dutch[/TD]
[/TR]
[/TABLE]
Hallstatt was succeeded by La Tène. The La Tène expansion took over the whole of Gaul, but the samples here are from Austria, Czechia, Slovakia and Hungary. Yet they are genetically almost identical to modern Belgians. It's not surprising as the geographic origins of the La Tène culture ranged from Alsace to Belgium, along the Rhine and Meuse valleys.