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Expansion during the chalcolithic age and bronze age
"During the Chalcolithic age (about 4.5 kya-4.0 kya) in East Asia, copper, cattle and wheat were introduced to the East Asian heartland (
Liu and Chen, 2003;
Liu, 2004;
Liu and Chen, 2017). Archaeologists have suggested that the elements may have spread from northern boundary of China through the Eurasian steppe. However, the demographic context of this important cultural process is very ambiguous. Around 4,000 years ago, the Bronze culture arose in the agro-pastoral region of northwestern China and later spread across East Asia and Southeast Asia. The mixing of the bronze culture of agriculture and animal husbandry with the people of the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River contributed to the establishment of three dynasties of the Bronze Age in ancient China, namely the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties (
Liu and Chen, 2003;
Liu, 2004;
Liu and Chen, 2017).
As discussed above, ancient populations with Q1a1a-M120 and N1a2a-F1101 as the main paternal lineages may have played a mediating role in the spread of the Copper and Bronze cultures from the eastern Eurasian steppe to the central East Asian region, due to their area of activity in the junction zone. Due to the same reason, these two paternal lines experienced a very significant spread during the Bronze Age, becoming important patrilineal lineages that occupied an upper political position in the Bronze Age, and were frequently detected in the tombs of chiefs and nobles of the time (
Zhao et al., 2014;
Sun et al., 2019;
Ma et al., 2021;
Wei et al., 2022). An interesting thing is that the significant expansion of N1a2a-F1101 occurred after 3,300 years ago, significantly later than the major expansion period of Q1a1a-M120 (4.2 kya-3 kya,
Figure 1). Nevertheless, several downstream clades of Q1a1a-M120, like F4759 and F4689, exhibit simultaneous expansion with N1a2a1a1a1a1-F710 (
Sun et al., 2019). Ancient DNA data suggest that these two paternal lineages were concentrated in ancient populations in northwest China, and co-occurred in some tombs (
Zhao et al., 2014;
Ma et al., 2021;
Wei et al., 2022).
These ancient DNA studies also suggest that N1a2a-F1101 is likely the paternal lineage of the royal family of the Zhou Dynasty, while Q1a1a-M120 is the main paternal lineage of the Rong-Di populations (Means “Barbarians” in ancient Chinese). Both paternal lineages became the main paternal component of the Chinese group in later generations. In conclusion, we speculate that Q1a1a-M120 and N1a2a-F1101 together constitute the main paternal lineages of the populations that worked as farmers and pastoralists in northwest China during the Copper-Bronze Age. They played a key role in the emergence of bronze culture, early states, and early civilizations in central region of ancient China."
<p><bold>Objectives:</bold> Previous studies of archaeology and history suggested that the rise and prosperity of Bronze Age culture in East Asia had made es...
www.frontiersin.org
Shockingly, the gene of the royal family of the Western Zhou Dynasty was detected as the N line:
"Abstract: In 2021, Jilin University conducted a genetic study on the Xiguanxi Zhou cemetery in Licheng, Shanxi. Through DNA extraction and analysis, scientists revealed the human genetic history of this ancient cemetery. The results of the study showed that two human bones in the cemetery had the Y chromosome type of N-F710, and one of them also detected N-F1998 (upstream of N-F710). In addition, through the analysis of 7 male DNA samples extracted from the tomb of the eldest son Xinancheng in the Western Zhou Dynasty, it was found that 4 of the samples were N-M128 (upstream of N-F1998), including the tomb owner M18. This study provides valuable genetic evidence for our deep understanding of ancient Chinese history."
"According to historical documents, the patriarchal system was adopted by ancestors of Han Chinese since the onset of the Shang and Zhou Dynasties[1]. In a clan-based state, the eldest son of the legal wife of the leader inherited the leadership, and the brothers of the eldest son would become aristocrats or civilians. Since the people of
Hengbei were likely part of a vassal state under the Zhou Dynasty, they probably also had a patriarchal system, which suggests paternal kinship patterns could potentially be observed among some of the samples from aristocrats or civilians[2]. Assuming monophyletic inheritance and the absence of recombination in the non-recombining region of the Y chromosome, we found that in patrilineal societies, individuals from one clan often share the same Y chromosome haplogroup. Thus, the haplogroup Q1a1 was the predominant haplogroup found in Hengbei samples. Interestingly, Haplogroup Q1a1 is almost only found in the Han Chinese, and it was the predominant haplogroup in the aristocrats or civilians of Hengbei. Indeed, immolated slaves, among whom paternal kinship did not exist, had haplogroups O3a, O2a and O*. All of the haplogroups shared by samples from the Hengbei site are observed in modern Han Chinese, among whom the total frequency combining these five haplogroups reached high levels (66–100%)[3]. Moreover, In PCA, the HB was grouped closely with the NH and SH cluster. Thus, we think that the Genetic structure of the Northern Han Chinese was shaped prior to 3,000 years ago although the
frequency of the haplogroup Q1a1 in the ancient people of Hengbei is 40.7%, which is much higher than that found in any modern human population (0–10%)."
The Han Chinese are the largest ethnic group in the world, and their origins, development, and expansion are complex. Many genetic studies have shown that Han Chinese can be divided into two distinct groups: northern Han Chinese and southern Han Chinese. The genetic history of the southern Han...
journals.plos.org
we know that the Rong and Di were the same group with different names.
The Zhou and the Rong Were Blood RelativesThe relationship between the Zhou and the Rong people can be observed from the relationshipbetween the people of the Jin kingdom and the Rong. The Jin was a vassal kingdom established in thebeginning of the Zhou dynasty. The first king of the Jin kingdom was the prince Tang Shu, who wasthe younger brother of King Cheng, the second king of the Zhou dynasty. The peers of the Jinkingdom shared the same surname with the royal family of the Zhou dynasty and were their directconsanguine relatives. The relation between the Jin people and the Rong and Di can stand for therelationship between the Zhou people and the Rong and Di.
Unlike the Yangshao and Hemudu people, who came from southern China, the Huang Di nation came from west of China, from the western part of the Eurasian continent. They conquered the native people of the Yellow River and the Yangtze River, who possessed a developed agricultural culture. By combining their own imported cultural factors with those of the native culture, the Huang Di people gradually developed a splendid new civilization in the Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties. They superseded the original native people to take the leading role on the stage of Chinese history. That the Huang Di nation was a branch of the archaic Indo-European people is one of the most remarkable facts thus far known to human history. But a large number of Indo-European words in Old Chinese language clearly attest to this fact. The relics left by the Huang Di people are related to the Longshan Culture in the archaeological chronicle, and the civilization of the Xia, Shang, Zhou, and Qin秦 dynasties were its successors.27 Evidence for this claim comes from two sources: the first uses the evidence of ancient documents to show that the Zhou people, and thus the Yellow Emperor’s nation, were originally a nomadic people, and the second is to reveal that there were a large number of Indo-European words in the Zhou language, using the evidence of historical linguistics. The third is the similarity in religion between the Huang Di people and Proto-Indo-European. As to the last point, please refer to the author’s paper “Old Chinese ‘帝*tees’ and Proto-Indo-European ‘*deus’: Similarity in Religious Ideas and a Common Source in Linguistics” (Zhou 2005).
The Original Meaning of “Rong 戎” According to Professor Yu Min: “ … [The word ‘Rong 戎’] was meant to indicate a style of life—nomadism—in the spoken language of the Zhou dynasty. The seed of agriculture was germinated in the period of Shennong (神农Holy Peasant). Whoever reverted to the life of the nomads could be called ‘Rong’” (Yu Min 1999: 210). Accepting the meaning “nomadism” for the word “Rong戎” in archaic times, we now turn to the corresponding word “Rong” in the Proto-Indo-European languages.45 The origin of “nomad” is quoted from The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology (p. 613): nomad adoption of French nomade, Latin Nomad-, Nomas, pl. Nomades pastoral people wandering about with their flocks. Adoption of Greek nomad-, nomás roaming about, esp. for pasture, pl. Nomádes pastoral people, formed on *nom-, *nem- (némein pasture)… Rong 戎, Old Chinese *num > *nung, Middle Chinese nžong, Mandarin rong. Shuo Wen Jie Zi (The Analysis and Annotation of Characters, Xu Shen, 121 AD): “Qiang 羌, the western Rong people who live on pasturage of sheep (or goats).” (羌，西戎牧羊人也。) It is clear that the root of Proto-Indo-European *nom- is a cognate of OC *num. The sounds and the meanings are both equivalent. This is a good example of the fact that there were PIE words in the Old Chinese language.
The Rise of Agricultural Civilization in China:The Disparity between Archeological Discovery andthe Documentary Record and Its ExplanationbyZhou JixuCenter for East Asian Studies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaChinese Department, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan
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