^
I missed one thing:
Aztec:
Pliska Rosette, an archaeological find that is popular among the Bulgarian historians:
I missed one thing:
Aztec:
Pliska Rosette, an archaeological find that is popular among the Bulgarian historians:
How can IE migration be explained without mentioning Seima Turbino?
- Thread starter johen
- Start date
Thus, seima turbino axe is a Vajra:1. seima turbino culture migrated to china
https://www.academia.edu/45055541/Seima_Turbino_Culture_and_the_Proto_Silk_Road
2. chinese character 王 means "king"
3. Axe represented king at chinese Shang dynasty:
"Paleophilologists tell people that in oracle bone inscriptions, the character "王" is a deformation of the characters "axe" and "yue". The so-called "king" means using armed force to defend his status as "king" and suppress rebels."
4. Seima turbino Axe (King or Lord) has three components of circle ouroboros (sun or snake) and triangle sunlight and diamond snake: Sun and snake(thunderbolt):
"According to Asko Parpola, the Sanskrit vajra- (वज्र-) and its Avestan cognate vazra- are possibly ultimately derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *weg'- which means "to be(come) powerful". The related Proto-West-Uralic *vaśara ("axe, mace", (later) "hammer"; whence Ukonvasara, "Ukko's hammer") is an early loanword from the Proto-Indo-Aryan *vaj’ra- but not from Proto-Iranian, state Parpola and Carpelan, because its palatalized sibilant is not consistent with the depalatalization which occurred in Proto-Iranian."
"The Vajra (Sanskrit: वज्र, romanized: Vajra, lit. 'Thunderbolt') is a legendary and ritualistic weapon, symbolizing the properties of a diamond (indestructibility) and a thunderbolt (irresistible force)"
I think so.
Kushan ruler:
Ephthalites (white Hun)
https://scfh.ru/en/papers/we-drank-s...ame-immortal-/
Qin shihuwang also:
Facial reconstruction of a man who could be Qin Shi Huang's son and a woman who may have been a wife or concubine.:
a wet felted rug with archaic motif from Turkmenistan:
Felted rug
This is a wet felted rug with archaic motif from Turkmenistan. It was a long process, about 1 weeks work. First I started on bubble wrap with design (wet pencil roving), then I filled with coloured…
feltingandfiberstudio.com
"An image of the first Qin emperor on a stone tablet. His attire is decorated with spiral patterns.(above)
Torch for the Beijing Olympics 2008 with spiral patterns.
The Cherchen man with a spiral-pattern painted on the temple.
The horse from Gansu with a spiral pattern on the temple."
"Along his temples, there is bright yellow, ochre face paint in a swirl design with rays extending out of the spiral, which spread across his cheek over the bridge of his nose."
seima turbino spirals on dagger:
Tarim people nose and earing:
seima turbino nose and ring:
"unfortunately, in china we do not yet know of any metal object related,without doubt, to the chemurchek culture. kovalev, erdenebaatar, tishkin and grushin found several leaden ear rings and one ring of tin bronze in three excavated chemurchek stone boxes (kovalev and erdenebaatar 2014a; tishkin et al. 2015). such lead rings are typical for elunino culture,which occupied the entire west altai after 2400–2300 bce (tishkin et al. 2015). this culture had developed a tradition of bronze metallurgy with various dopants, primarily tin. thus, the tradition of bronze metallurgy as early as this time could have penetrated the mongolian altai far to the south."
tarim :
okunevo:
- sarmatians form Trajan's Column (Cited from: https://www.cointalk.com/threads/constantine-and-the-the-sarmatians.389918/)
- sarmatian-style karacena armor in Poland
"Yury Khudyakov found numerous similarities between the plaques and other Xiongnu-Sarmatian finds from Mongolia and Altay, particularly a group of plaques retrieved from Tepsei Mount near the Yenisey River, usually attributed to Tashtyk culture.[1]
Pugachenkova believes the plaques were made by the inhabitants of Kangju, thought to have been closely related to the Kushans and Tocharians. The Kangjus were probably Scythians, opposed to the Kushans, as seen in Khalchayan.[5] Overall, the soldiers would be either Sogdians or Sakas,[6] much less probably Yuezhis or Parthians."
"Yellow and purple spiral and sun patterns on the mummy's face have been misidentified as tattoos in some sources; they are actually an ochre paint.":
"Other hints at the depictions on the razors being significant to travelling to the under world can be seen on some of the rarer examples.":
mimirsbrunnr.com
"Other hints at the depictions on the razors being significant to travelling to the under world can be seen on some of the rarer examples.":
Symbolism of the Nordic Bronze Age Razors. - Mimir's Brunnr
One such example is the beautiful Nordic bronze age razors. These razors mostly found in Denmark are constructed from bronze and ornamented with the most intriguing artistic depictions. Whilst the razors obviously had a practical purpose as tools, the symbolic artwork that adorns them clearly...
mimirsbrunnr.com
^
^
www.bbc.com
"The ship was full of gold and silver, jewellery and weapons, bowls and cups. In Anglo-Saxon times these sorts of things were often buried with people when they died - perhaps because the Anglo-Saxons thought the dead person would need them on their journey to another life, or when he got there."
Swedish snake-witch:
-Czech:
"Czech archaeologists have announced a unique discovery. A team of experts from Brno have unearthed a bronze belt buckle from the early Middle Ages, depicting a snake devouring a frog-like creature. The find could shed more light on people’s spiritual life in the pre-Christian era, of which we know very little."
- Okunevo and Aryan valley Ladakh images:
^
Anglo saxon ship burial:^ Seima turbino formula: sun/horse triangle up, snake diamond down
"Outline of the solar cosmology postulated by Kaul (1998), with outline drawings of the Trundholm Sun Chariot and a decorated bronze razor from Denmark."
"The Sun Chariot illustrates several of the same ideas. It consists of a bronze disc mounted on wheels, and is drawn by a horse, also on wheels. It can be viewed from two sides. When it appears to travel from left to right – the movement of the sun across the sky during the day – the disc is covered in gold. When it returns, from right to left (as it would do at night), the surface of the disc is plain.
The same distinction has been recognised by Flemming Kaul (1998) in a study of the decorated metalwork of Bronze Age Scandinavia. Among the commonest artefacts are the razors which were normally deposited with the dead. They feature tiny drawings of boats and the sun. Again the direction of travel is all-important. Where a ship carries the sun from left to right, it is associated with a horse. Kaul describes these vessels as ‘day ships’. Where a boat is shown moving in the opposite direction, it is often accompanied by a sh or a snake. Kaul suggests that these pictures refer to the hours of darkness, and that while the sun returns from right to left it is hidden under water. In that case the crucial transitions occur at sunrise and sunset (Figure 1)"
So boat means death?
mummies' boat grave at tarim basin
Kola Oleneostrovskiy boat shaped Grave Field: A Unique Burial Site in the European Arctic:
https://www.archeo.ru/struktura-1/o...in_Kolpakov_Shumkin_Khartanovich_Moiseyev.pdf
Sutton Hoo: Anglo-Saxon replica ship project to start
Work to build a replica of the boat buried at Sutton Hoo starts next week.
www.bbc.com
"The ship was full of gold and silver, jewellery and weapons, bowls and cups. In Anglo-Saxon times these sorts of things were often buried with people when they died - perhaps because the Anglo-Saxons thought the dead person would need them on their journey to another life, or when he got there."
Swedish snake-witch:
-Czech:
"Czech archaeologists have announced a unique discovery. A team of experts from Brno have unearthed a bronze belt buckle from the early Middle Ages, depicting a snake devouring a frog-like creature. The find could shed more light on people’s spiritual life in the pre-Christian era, of which we know very little."
- Okunevo and Aryan valley Ladakh images:
CUCUTENI-TRYPILLIA:
Cucuteni-Trypillia or Moldova 7,000 Years Ago - Dmitrii Voloshin's Blog
What is the Cucuteni-Trypillia culture, where did the yin and yang symbol first appear, why did the Trypillians burn down their houses, and how did one of the first civilizations in Europe disappear?
voloshin.md
Majiayao culture gansu china w/ CUCUTENI-TRYPILLIA pottery and western flexed burial:
gansu seima turbino burial:
Seima-Turbino Culture and the Proto-Silk Road
Seima-Turbino Culture is an early Bronze Age culture in the Eurasian Steppes. The representative artifact of this culture—the socketed bronze spearhead with a side hook, has had 13 samples found in China. The metal composition analyses and
www.academia.edu
"Map-scheme of the distribution of Baikal jade in the Bronze Age ( green shows the places of finds on the territory of Russia, brown - on the territory of China): 1 - Seimas; 2 - Ust-Vetluzhsky burial ground; 3 - Turbine; 4 - Okunevo-15; 5 - Shaman cape; 6 - Shumilikha; 7 , Khake, Inner Mongolia; 8 - Daqiao (Big Bridge) on the river. Wuyer, Helongjiang Province; 9 - Wanhaitun, Heilongjiang Province; 10 - Xinxingxiang, Jilin Province"
https://elementy.ru/nauchno-populyarnaya_biblioteka/434672/Raznye_tsveta_nefrita
- seima turbino migration:
(Erlitou culture above in the map is called Xia)
seima turbino culture into shang china:
https://www.academia.edu/45055541/Seima_Turbino_Culture_and_the_Proto_Silk_Road
Objectives:
Previous studies of archaeology and history suggested that the riseand prosperity of Bronze Age culture in East Asia had made essential contributionto the formation of early state and civilization in this region. However, the impactsin perspective of genetics remain ambiguous. Previous genetic researchesindicated the Y-chromosome Q1a1a-M120 and N1a2a-F1101 may be the twomost important paternal lineages among the Bronze Age people in ancientnorthwest China. Here, we investigated the 9,000-years history of haplogroupN1a2a-F1101 with revised phylogenetic tree and spatial autocorrelation analysis.
Materials and Methods: In this study, 229 sequences of N1a2a-F1101 were analyzed. We developed a highly-revised phylogenetic tree with age estimates for N1a2a-F1101. In addition, we also explored the geographical distribution of sub-lineages of N1a2a-F1101, and spatial autocorrelation analysis was conducted for each sub-branch.
Results:
The initial differentiation location of N1a2a-F1101 and its most closely related branch, N1a2b-P43, a major lineage of Uralic-speaking populations in northern Eurasia, is likely the west part of northeast China. After ~4 thousand years of bottleneck effect period, haplgroup N1a2a-F1101 experienced continuous expansion during the Chalcolithic age (~ 4.5 kya to 4 kya) and Bronze age (~ 4kya to 2.5 kya) in northern China. Ancient DNA evidence supported that this haplogroup is the lineage of ruling family of Zhou Dynasty (~ 3 kya-2.2 kya) of ancient China.
Discussion:
In general, we proposed that the Bronze Age people in the border area between the eastern Eurasian steppe and northern China not only played a key role in promoting the early state and civilization of China, but also left significant traces in the gene pool of Chinese people
^
As discussed above, ancient populations with Q1a1a-M120 and N1a2a-F1101 as the main paternal lineages may have played a mediating role in the spread of the Copper and Bronze cultures from the eastern Eurasian steppe to the central East Asian region, due to their area of activity in the junction zone. Due to the same reason, these two paternal lines experienced a very significant spread during the Bronze Age, becoming important patrilineal lineages that occupied an upper political position in the Bronze Age, and were frequently detected in the tombs of chiefs and nobles of the time (Zhao et al., 2014; Sun et al., 2019; Ma et al., 2021; Wei et al., 2022). An interesting thing is that the significant expansion of N1a2a-F1101 occurred after 3,300 years ago, significantly later than the major expansion period of Q1a1a-M120 (4.2 kya-3 kya, Figure 1). Nevertheless, several downstream clades of Q1a1a-M120, like F4759 and F4689, exhibit simultaneous expansion with N1a2a1a1a1a1-F710 (Sun et al., 2019). Ancient DNA data suggest that these two paternal lineages were concentrated in ancient populations in northwest China, and co-occurred in some tombs (Zhao et al., 2014; Ma et al., 2021; Wei et al., 2022). These ancient DNA studies also suggest that N1a2a-F1101 is likely the paternal lineage of the royal family of the Zhou Dynasty, while Q1a1a-M120 is the main paternal lineage of the Rong-Di populations (Means “Barbarians” in ancient Chinese). Both paternal lineages became the main paternal component of the Chinese group in later generations. In conclusion, we speculate that Q1a1a-M120 and N1a2a-F1101 together constitute the main paternal lineages of the populations that worked as farmers and pastoralists in northwest China during the Copper-Bronze Age. They played a key role in the emergence of bronze culture, early states, and early civilizations in central region of ancient China."
www.frontiersin.org
Shockingly, the gene of the royal family of the Western Zhou Dynasty was detected as the N line:
"Abstract: In 2021, Jilin University conducted a genetic study on the Xiguanxi Zhou cemetery in Licheng, Shanxi. Through DNA extraction and analysis, scientists revealed the human genetic history of this ancient cemetery. The results of the study showed that two human bones in the cemetery had the Y chromosome type of N-F710, and one of them also detected N-F1998 (upstream of N-F710). In addition, through the analysis of 7 male DNA samples extracted from the tomb of the eldest son Xinancheng in the Western Zhou Dynasty, it was found that 4 of the samples were N-M128 (upstream of N-F1998), including the tomb owner M18. This study provides valuable genetic evidence for our deep understanding of ancient Chinese history."
"According to historical documents, the patriarchal system was adopted by ancestors of Han Chinese since the onset of the Shang and Zhou Dynasties[1]. In a clan-based state, the eldest son of the legal wife of the leader inherited the leadership, and the brothers of the eldest son would become aristocrats or civilians. Since the people of Hengbei were likely part of a vassal state under the Zhou Dynasty, they probably also had a patriarchal system, which suggests paternal kinship patterns could potentially be observed among some of the samples from aristocrats or civilians[2]. Assuming monophyletic inheritance and the absence of recombination in the non-recombining region of the Y chromosome, we found that in patrilineal societies, individuals from one clan often share the same Y chromosome haplogroup. Thus, the haplogroup Q1a1 was the predominant haplogroup found in Hengbei samples. Interestingly, Haplogroup Q1a1 is almost only found in the Han Chinese, and it was the predominant haplogroup in the aristocrats or civilians of Hengbei. Indeed, immolated slaves, among whom paternal kinship did not exist, had haplogroups O3a, O2a and O*. All of the haplogroups shared by samples from the Hengbei site are observed in modern Han Chinese, among whom the total frequency combining these five haplogroups reached high levels (66–100%)[3]. Moreover, In PCA, the HB was grouped closely with the NH and SH cluster. Thus, we think that the Genetic structure of the Northern Han Chinese was shaped prior to 3,000 years ago although the frequency of the haplogroup Q1a1 in the ancient people of Hengbei is 40.7%, which is much higher than that found in any modern human population (0–10%)."
journals.plos.org
The Rise of Agricultural Civilization in China:The Disparity between Archeological Discovery andthe Documentary Record and Its ExplanationbyZhou JixuCenter for East Asian Studies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaChinese Department, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan
Expansion during the chalcolithic age and bronze age
"During the Chalcolithic age (about 4.5 kya-4.0 kya) in East Asia, copper, cattle and wheat were introduced to the East Asian heartland (Liu and Chen, 2003; Liu, 2004; Liu and Chen, 2017). Archaeologists have suggested that the elements may have spread from northern boundary of China through the Eurasian steppe. However, the demographic context of this important cultural process is very ambiguous. Around 4,000 years ago, the Bronze culture arose in the agro-pastoral region of northwestern China and later spread across East Asia and Southeast Asia. The mixing of the bronze culture of agriculture and animal husbandry with the people of the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River contributed to the establishment of three dynasties of the Bronze Age in ancient China, namely the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties (Liu and Chen, 2003; Liu, 2004; Liu and Chen, 2017).As discussed above, ancient populations with Q1a1a-M120 and N1a2a-F1101 as the main paternal lineages may have played a mediating role in the spread of the Copper and Bronze cultures from the eastern Eurasian steppe to the central East Asian region, due to their area of activity in the junction zone. Due to the same reason, these two paternal lines experienced a very significant spread during the Bronze Age, becoming important patrilineal lineages that occupied an upper political position in the Bronze Age, and were frequently detected in the tombs of chiefs and nobles of the time (Zhao et al., 2014; Sun et al., 2019; Ma et al., 2021; Wei et al., 2022). An interesting thing is that the significant expansion of N1a2a-F1101 occurred after 3,300 years ago, significantly later than the major expansion period of Q1a1a-M120 (4.2 kya-3 kya, Figure 1). Nevertheless, several downstream clades of Q1a1a-M120, like F4759 and F4689, exhibit simultaneous expansion with N1a2a1a1a1a1-F710 (Sun et al., 2019). Ancient DNA data suggest that these two paternal lineages were concentrated in ancient populations in northwest China, and co-occurred in some tombs (Zhao et al., 2014; Ma et al., 2021; Wei et al., 2022). These ancient DNA studies also suggest that N1a2a-F1101 is likely the paternal lineage of the royal family of the Zhou Dynasty, while Q1a1a-M120 is the main paternal lineage of the Rong-Di populations (Means “Barbarians” in ancient Chinese). Both paternal lineages became the main paternal component of the Chinese group in later generations. In conclusion, we speculate that Q1a1a-M120 and N1a2a-F1101 together constitute the main paternal lineages of the populations that worked as farmers and pastoralists in northwest China during the Copper-Bronze Age. They played a key role in the emergence of bronze culture, early states, and early civilizations in central region of ancient China."
Frontiers | The impacts of bronze age in the gene pool of Chinese: Insights from phylogeographics of Y-chromosomal haplogroup N1a2a-F1101
<p><bold>Objectives:</bold> Previous studies of archaeology and history suggested that the rise and prosperity of Bronze Age culture in East Asia had made es...
www.frontiersin.org
Shockingly, the gene of the royal family of the Western Zhou Dynasty was detected as the N line:
"Abstract: In 2021, Jilin University conducted a genetic study on the Xiguanxi Zhou cemetery in Licheng, Shanxi. Through DNA extraction and analysis, scientists revealed the human genetic history of this ancient cemetery. The results of the study showed that two human bones in the cemetery had the Y chromosome type of N-F710, and one of them also detected N-F1998 (upstream of N-F710). In addition, through the analysis of 7 male DNA samples extracted from the tomb of the eldest son Xinancheng in the Western Zhou Dynasty, it was found that 4 of the samples were N-M128 (upstream of N-F1998), including the tomb owner M18. This study provides valuable genetic evidence for our deep understanding of ancient Chinese history."
"According to historical documents, the patriarchal system was adopted by ancestors of Han Chinese since the onset of the Shang and Zhou Dynasties[1]. In a clan-based state, the eldest son of the legal wife of the leader inherited the leadership, and the brothers of the eldest son would become aristocrats or civilians. Since the people of Hengbei were likely part of a vassal state under the Zhou Dynasty, they probably also had a patriarchal system, which suggests paternal kinship patterns could potentially be observed among some of the samples from aristocrats or civilians[2]. Assuming monophyletic inheritance and the absence of recombination in the non-recombining region of the Y chromosome, we found that in patrilineal societies, individuals from one clan often share the same Y chromosome haplogroup. Thus, the haplogroup Q1a1 was the predominant haplogroup found in Hengbei samples. Interestingly, Haplogroup Q1a1 is almost only found in the Han Chinese, and it was the predominant haplogroup in the aristocrats or civilians of Hengbei. Indeed, immolated slaves, among whom paternal kinship did not exist, had haplogroups O3a, O2a and O*. All of the haplogroups shared by samples from the Hengbei site are observed in modern Han Chinese, among whom the total frequency combining these five haplogroups reached high levels (66–100%)[3]. Moreover, In PCA, the HB was grouped closely with the NH and SH cluster. Thus, we think that the Genetic structure of the Northern Han Chinese was shaped prior to 3,000 years ago although the frequency of the haplogroup Q1a1 in the ancient people of Hengbei is 40.7%, which is much higher than that found in any modern human population (0–10%)."
Ancient DNA Reveals That the Genetic Structure of the Northern Han Chinese Was Shaped Prior to 3,000 Years Ago
The Han Chinese are the largest ethnic group in the world, and their origins, development, and expansion are complex. Many genetic studies have shown that Han Chinese can be divided into two distinct groups: northern Han Chinese and southern Han Chinese. The genetic history of the southern Han...
journals.plos.org
The Rise of Agricultural Civilization in China:The Disparity between Archeological Discovery andthe Documentary Record and Its ExplanationbyZhou JixuCenter for East Asian Studies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaChinese Department, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan
^
“The war chariot and some other elements of the Central Eurasian Culture Complex appeared in China somewhat before the twelfth century BC . Burials in the royal necropolis found in the ruins of the late Shang capital at Anyang on the north bank of the Yellow River include numerous chariots and their horses, often along with the chariot warriors and their weapons. The chariots have many spokes rather than only four or six, the typical numbers used in the ancient Near East; they thus have extremely close analogues to contemporaneous chariots found in the Caucasus. They are also often found together with “northern” type knives typical of the steppe zone. It is now accepted that the chariot is an intrusive cultural artifact that entered Shang China from the north or northwest without any wheeled-vehicle precursors. The practice of burying chariots along with their horses and young men with weapons who seem to be their drivers and archers is a distinctive mark of the Central Eurasian Culture Complex, which at that time was undoubtedly still exclusively Indo-European. Such burials are frequently found at Shang sites, usually in association with the burial of high-ranking noblemen. As noted, historical sources on Central Eurasia from Antiquity through the Early Middle Ages attest that the men who belonged to a lord’s comitatus were buried together with him and their horses, weapons, and valuables. It is also significant that the first written Chinese texts, the Oracle Bone Inscriptions, began to be composed at about the same time. Although there seems to be no direct connection between this writing system and any other known system, the as-yet-unidentified Indo-European people who brought the chariots to China may well have brought the idea of writing as well.
The introduction of the chariot and comitatus burial in China can only be due to the appearance of a Central Eurasian people there… The mere capture of enemy chariots and horses would not have brought the skills required to use, maintain, and reproduce them…Because all other known examples of chariot warriors at that time were Indo-Europeans, the newcomers must have been Indo-Europeans. Considering the intruders’ significant impact on the culture of the Yellow River valley, they must have had a powerful linguistic impact also, one not limited to the words for the newly imported artifacts and practices. So far, their language has not yet been identified more specifically, but it is quite possible that it represents an otherwise unknown branch of Indo-European. (...)
In the traditional view, which still dominates the view of Sinological linguists, there is no room for any significant foreign influence on the development of Chinese. Yet this cannot be correct. The mounting evidence against the isolationist position, especially from archaeology, indicates that the intrusive Indo-European people who brought the chariot had a powerful influence on Shang culture and may even have been responsible for the foundation of the Shang Dynasty (ca.1570–1045 BC) itself. The Shang realm occupied only a rather small area in the Yellow River valley in what is now northern and eastern Honan (Henan), southeastern Shansi (Shanxi), and western Shantung (Shandong); such a state could easily have been dominated by an aggressive Indo-European people armed with war chariots. Although there is no direct evidence for or against any such political event, the existence of the intrusive chariot warriors, and their influence on Chinese material culture, cannot be denied.
The appearance of chariot warriors in East Asia coincides approximately with their appearance in Greece (Europe), Mesopotamia (the Near East, Southwest Asia), and northwestern India (South Asia). In all of the non-East Asian cases, the chariot warrior people spoke an Indo-European language. In the East Asian case the chariot warriors appear to have had the same Central Eurasian culture as the Indo-Europeans in the other regions of Eurasia. They should therefore have spoken an Indo-European language.
Linguistically, there are only two possible outcomes of this Indo-European intrusion. The Early Old Chinese language of the Oracle Bone Inscriptions is either a non-Indo-European language with an intrusive Indo-European element or an Indo-European language with an intrusive non-Indo-European element. In both scenarios, the language of the Bronze Inscriptions, Classical Chinese, and the modern Chinese languages and dialects are clear continuations of Early Old Chinese, the language of the Oracle Bone Inscriptions, which was therefore already “Chinese.” Recent linguistic research on Early Old Chinese supports the presence of numerous Indo-European elements that are clearly related to Proto-Indo-European already in the Shang period Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Their identification with a particular branch of Indo-European remains uncertain. However, it is possible that the language was close to Proto-Indo-European itself.
According to one current theory, the most likely scenario is that a small group of Indo-European chariot warriors entered the pre-Chinese culture zone in the central Yellow River valley as mercenaries. They stayed and intermarried with the local people, with the result that either their language became creolized by the local language, exactly as happened to the other Indo-European daughter languages, or the local language was creolized or otherwise significantly influenced by Indo-European (as happened to the Indo-European maryannu of Mitanni). In either case, the Indo-European language material in the resulting language, Early Old Chinese, derives from generic late Proto-Indo-European, from a known Indo-European daughter language, or from an already independent Indo-European daughter language that is otherwise unknown. (...) Only further linguistic research will establish whether Early Old Chinese is a minimally maintained Indo-European language or a minimally maintained local East Asian language. Whichever way it turns out, it is certain that Indo-European speakers and their language had a strong influence on what became China and also, directly or indirectly, on the Tibeto-Burman peoples.”
(Beckwith, 2009) p.68-80
“The war chariot and some other elements of the Central Eurasian Culture Complex appeared in China somewhat before the twelfth century BC . Burials in the royal necropolis found in the ruins of the late Shang capital at Anyang on the north bank of the Yellow River include numerous chariots and their horses, often along with the chariot warriors and their weapons. The chariots have many spokes rather than only four or six, the typical numbers used in the ancient Near East; they thus have extremely close analogues to contemporaneous chariots found in the Caucasus. They are also often found together with “northern” type knives typical of the steppe zone. It is now accepted that the chariot is an intrusive cultural artifact that entered Shang China from the north or northwest without any wheeled-vehicle precursors. The practice of burying chariots along with their horses and young men with weapons who seem to be their drivers and archers is a distinctive mark of the Central Eurasian Culture Complex, which at that time was undoubtedly still exclusively Indo-European. Such burials are frequently found at Shang sites, usually in association with the burial of high-ranking noblemen. As noted, historical sources on Central Eurasia from Antiquity through the Early Middle Ages attest that the men who belonged to a lord’s comitatus were buried together with him and their horses, weapons, and valuables. It is also significant that the first written Chinese texts, the Oracle Bone Inscriptions, began to be composed at about the same time. Although there seems to be no direct connection between this writing system and any other known system, the as-yet-unidentified Indo-European people who brought the chariots to China may well have brought the idea of writing as well.
The introduction of the chariot and comitatus burial in China can only be due to the appearance of a Central Eurasian people there… The mere capture of enemy chariots and horses would not have brought the skills required to use, maintain, and reproduce them…Because all other known examples of chariot warriors at that time were Indo-Europeans, the newcomers must have been Indo-Europeans. Considering the intruders’ significant impact on the culture of the Yellow River valley, they must have had a powerful linguistic impact also, one not limited to the words for the newly imported artifacts and practices. So far, their language has not yet been identified more specifically, but it is quite possible that it represents an otherwise unknown branch of Indo-European. (...)
In the traditional view, which still dominates the view of Sinological linguists, there is no room for any significant foreign influence on the development of Chinese. Yet this cannot be correct. The mounting evidence against the isolationist position, especially from archaeology, indicates that the intrusive Indo-European people who brought the chariot had a powerful influence on Shang culture and may even have been responsible for the foundation of the Shang Dynasty (ca.1570–1045 BC) itself. The Shang realm occupied only a rather small area in the Yellow River valley in what is now northern and eastern Honan (Henan), southeastern Shansi (Shanxi), and western Shantung (Shandong); such a state could easily have been dominated by an aggressive Indo-European people armed with war chariots. Although there is no direct evidence for or against any such political event, the existence of the intrusive chariot warriors, and their influence on Chinese material culture, cannot be denied.
The appearance of chariot warriors in East Asia coincides approximately with their appearance in Greece (Europe), Mesopotamia (the Near East, Southwest Asia), and northwestern India (South Asia). In all of the non-East Asian cases, the chariot warrior people spoke an Indo-European language. In the East Asian case the chariot warriors appear to have had the same Central Eurasian culture as the Indo-Europeans in the other regions of Eurasia. They should therefore have spoken an Indo-European language.
Linguistically, there are only two possible outcomes of this Indo-European intrusion. The Early Old Chinese language of the Oracle Bone Inscriptions is either a non-Indo-European language with an intrusive Indo-European element or an Indo-European language with an intrusive non-Indo-European element. In both scenarios, the language of the Bronze Inscriptions, Classical Chinese, and the modern Chinese languages and dialects are clear continuations of Early Old Chinese, the language of the Oracle Bone Inscriptions, which was therefore already “Chinese.” Recent linguistic research on Early Old Chinese supports the presence of numerous Indo-European elements that are clearly related to Proto-Indo-European already in the Shang period Oracle Bone Inscriptions. Their identification with a particular branch of Indo-European remains uncertain. However, it is possible that the language was close to Proto-Indo-European itself.
According to one current theory, the most likely scenario is that a small group of Indo-European chariot warriors entered the pre-Chinese culture zone in the central Yellow River valley as mercenaries. They stayed and intermarried with the local people, with the result that either their language became creolized by the local language, exactly as happened to the other Indo-European daughter languages, or the local language was creolized or otherwise significantly influenced by Indo-European (as happened to the Indo-European maryannu of Mitanni). In either case, the Indo-European language material in the resulting language, Early Old Chinese, derives from generic late Proto-Indo-European, from a known Indo-European daughter language, or from an already independent Indo-European daughter language that is otherwise unknown. (...) Only further linguistic research will establish whether Early Old Chinese is a minimally maintained Indo-European language or a minimally maintained local East Asian language. Whichever way it turns out, it is certain that Indo-European speakers and their language had a strong influence on what became China and also, directly or indirectly, on the Tibeto-Burman peoples.”
(Beckwith, 2009) p.68-80
^
Centum language?
"Originally Posted by jormung
The problem of loanwords from indoeuropean to old chinese is very old and it is discussed in any good book about lndoeuropean linguistics.
But we can find the discussion in several papers, for example in "Tocharian Loan Words in Old Chinese: Chariots, Chariot Gear, and Town Building", by Alexander Lubolsky, or
"Indo-European Vocabulary in Old Chinese A New Thesis on the Emergence of Chinese Language and Civilization in the Late Neolithic Age" by Tsung-tung Chang
* dog, hound (ie: *kun-k, old ch: *huan(g),*khuen )
* goose (ie: *ghans, old ch:*gans)
* pork (ie: *pork, old ch:* pog)
* horse (ie: *mork, old ch:*mog )
* cow (ie: *gwhou , old ch: *gou )
and several other as milk, chariot, ...."
"Among Indo-European dialects, Germanic languages seems to have been mostly akin to Old Chinese in consideration of the following points:
a. Among Indo-European dialects, Germanic preserved the largest number of cognate words also to be found in Chinese.
b. Germanic and Chinese belong to the group of so-called centum languages, in which all Proto-Indo-European velars remain velar~ (with only a few exceptional variants in Chinese, cf. p. 18, 449; p. 18, 449; p. 20, 644).
c. The initial /h/ in Germanic corresponds mostly to /h/ and /h/ been in Old Chinese. Though Germanic /h/ has hitherto lnterpreted as a shift from Indo-European /k/, it must have existed already in Proto-Indo-European, since interrogatives both in Germanic and Chinese have laryngeal initials (cf . p. 6, 645; p. 20, 644, 647, 648) .
d. In comparison with Sanskrit, Greek and Latin, Chinese and northern Germanic languages are poor in grammatical categories such as case, gender, number, tense, mood etc. I would sur- C mise generally that the daily speech of Germanic Peoples might have had a much simpler grammar than that suggested by the earliest Germanic literature which consists without exceptions of biblical translations from Greek or Latin. German proverbs and idioms are formulated without indications of case, gender and number, like Sino-Plafonic Papers, 7 (January, 198 8) "mit Kind und Kegel", "schwarz auf weiB", "alt und jung". Moreover, when the Franks settled in France as conquerors, the complex declination system of Vulgar Latin collapsed and Old French emerged without case and number. This historical fact may suggest that the Germans originally spoke a language without declinations.
With Old Chinese as evidence, we may conclude that the Germanic group of Indo-European was conservative in its phonetical and grammatical developments because of its peripheral northern location, far from the early high civilizations in the Near East where Hamitic and Semitic were spoken. On the other hand, the complicated conjugation system in Greek, Latin and Southern Germanic might have emerged later under the influence of a rich modal and temporal system of Altaic tribes, with whom Indo-Europeans had coexisted for thousands of years in Central Asia and in whose company they emigrated into Europe."
Centum language?
"Originally Posted by jormung
The problem of loanwords from indoeuropean to old chinese is very old and it is discussed in any good book about lndoeuropean linguistics.
But we can find the discussion in several papers, for example in "Tocharian Loan Words in Old Chinese: Chariots, Chariot Gear, and Town Building", by Alexander Lubolsky, or
"Indo-European Vocabulary in Old Chinese A New Thesis on the Emergence of Chinese Language and Civilization in the Late Neolithic Age" by Tsung-tung Chang
* dog, hound (ie: *kun-k, old ch: *huan(g),*khuen )
* goose (ie: *ghans, old ch:*gans)
* pork (ie: *pork, old ch:* pog)
* horse (ie: *mork, old ch:*mog )
* cow (ie: *gwhou , old ch: *gou )
and several other as milk, chariot, ...."
"Among Indo-European dialects, Germanic languages seems to have been mostly akin to Old Chinese in consideration of the following points:
a. Among Indo-European dialects, Germanic preserved the largest number of cognate words also to be found in Chinese.
b. Germanic and Chinese belong to the group of so-called centum languages, in which all Proto-Indo-European velars remain velar~ (with only a few exceptional variants in Chinese, cf. p. 18, 449; p. 18, 449; p. 20, 644).
c. The initial /h/ in Germanic corresponds mostly to /h/ and /h/ been in Old Chinese. Though Germanic /h/ has hitherto lnterpreted as a shift from Indo-European /k/, it must have existed already in Proto-Indo-European, since interrogatives both in Germanic and Chinese have laryngeal initials (cf . p. 6, 645; p. 20, 644, 647, 648) .
d. In comparison with Sanskrit, Greek and Latin, Chinese and northern Germanic languages are poor in grammatical categories such as case, gender, number, tense, mood etc. I would sur- C mise generally that the daily speech of Germanic Peoples might have had a much simpler grammar than that suggested by the earliest Germanic literature which consists without exceptions of biblical translations from Greek or Latin. German proverbs and idioms are formulated without indications of case, gender and number, like Sino-Plafonic Papers, 7 (January, 198 8) "mit Kind und Kegel", "schwarz auf weiB", "alt und jung". Moreover, when the Franks settled in France as conquerors, the complex declination system of Vulgar Latin collapsed and Old French emerged without case and number. This historical fact may suggest that the Germans originally spoke a language without declinations.
With Old Chinese as evidence, we may conclude that the Germanic group of Indo-European was conservative in its phonetical and grammatical developments because of its peripheral northern location, far from the early high civilizations in the Near East where Hamitic and Semitic were spoken. On the other hand, the complicated conjugation system in Greek, Latin and Southern Germanic might have emerged later under the influence of a rich modal and temporal system of Altaic tribes, with whom Indo-Europeans had coexisted for thousands of years in Central Asia and in whose company they emigrated into Europe."
^
"in ancient times people could connect with the heavens through the shaman with this heaven and earth connection, those controlling this form of communication had the knowledge and power to rule. therefore, the shaman became an indispensable member at the royal court. in fact, often times the king was actually the leader of the shamans. the founder of china’s first three dynasties possessed shaman and supernatural abilities. for example, xiayu was able to stop and control huge flooding by using mysterious powers of his "pace of yu”, which became an important style for later shamans. another shaman was shang tang of the shang dynasty, could pray to the heavens for rain. furthermore, shaman houji could make his own crops grow and mature faster than others. such traditions have been confirmed in shang dynasty oracles. the oracle bone inscriptions noted: the shang king is the leader of the shamans. according to the inscriptions, the only holder of prophecy rights is shang king. it contained contents of the shang kings performing rain dances and dream interpretations, all of which were both shang king’s and shaman’s activities. this demonstrates that shang kings were indeed shamans. note: kc chang, qingtong huichen"
"According to the "Research Report on Ancient DNA of the Remains of the Western Zhou Cemetery in Xinancheng of the Longzi" released by it, 4 of the 7 male samples were tested for N-M128 (upstream of N-F1998), and the other three cases were: 1 Q1a-Y642, 1 C2a1-CTS2428, 1 N1b2e-M1846."
N-L666 - 祖源树TheYtree（基因溯源，免费上树，电子家谱）祖缘树, 父系树
N-L666 - 祖源树TheYtree，也称 祖缘树 全球首个致力于基因寻根溯源服务的公益性网站，不分肤色，不分国籍，不分姓氏，只要你有做父系基因检测，都免费上祖源树，永不磨灭的电子家谱！
- "It is worth mentioning that the descendants of N-F963-F1206 appeared in Hungary in large numbers. A few examples are briefly listed below":
- The Newest Study in Scandinavian aDNA: lots of N
How Do You Compare to New Ancient DNA From Scandinavia?
Are you connected to the samples from the new study out of Scandinavia? Take a look at each sample and discover for yourself.
blog.familytreedna.com
- another elite groups at west zhou dynasty Q1a -M120:
Stratification Analysis of Ancient DNA of Western Zhou Dynasty: Differences in Data from 3 Works of Different Years
1. Data for 2012 Earliest data should be from Li Hongjie's 2012 graduate thesis
albanian symbol
Yezidi women’s ankle tattoos from Iraq, ca. 1930.
Ancient and unchanged tattoo Mithriac motifs and symbolism of the Yezidi Kurds …and therefore, Ancient Hurrians
KURDISH TATTOOING Henry Field expanded on Smeaton’s studies of Iraqi Arab tattoo to include other ethnic groups that inhabited the region, like the Kurds of northern Iraq, as well as indigenous pop…japanesemythology.wordpress.com
first one is chinese oracle bone script of 東 (means "East" or "the place of sun to rise")
sun and sun's ray
"Unlike the Yangshao and Hemudu people, who came from southern China, the Huang Di (黄帝)nation came from west of China, from the western part of the Eurasian continent. They conquered the native people of the Yellow River and the Yangtze River, who possessed a developed agricultural culture. By combining their own imported cultural factors with those of the native culture, the Huang Di people gradually developed a splendid new civilization in the Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties. They superseded the original native people to take the leading role on the stage of Chinese history. That the Huang Di nation was a branch of the archaic Indo-European people is one of the most remarkable facts thus far known to human history. But a large number of Indo-European words in Old Chinese language clearly attest to this fact. The relics left by the Huang Di people are related to the Longshan Culture in the archaeological chronicle, and the civilization of the Xia, Shang, Zhou, and Qin秦 dynasties were its successors.27 Evidence for this claim comes from two sources: the first uses the evidence of ancient documents to show that the Zhou people, and thus the Yellow Emperor’s nation, were originally a nomadic people, and the second is to reveal that there were a large number of Indo-European words in the Zhou language, using the evidence of historical linguistics. The third is the similarity in religion between the Huang Di people and Proto-Indo-European. As to the last point, please refer to the author’s paper “Old Chinese ‘帝*tees’ and Proto-Indo-European ‘*deus’: Similarity in Religious Ideas and a Common Source in Linguistics” (Zhou 2005)."
黄帝 (yellow Lord) means "emperor":
巡泛碎桩图，“碟” 崩矗毛措撤歉赤庆扼浅
“吊”辞肘刻忽援“新”承寡哮，桐取饼城，庙焚慷音，藏雕辅煤蒸划美 1、记奸铁颊擒《倔箭寸寥映》：“桥，感傲艰焊。阎锹，撵刊，汰常俊。截，置话嫩。，鸵浩啃。” 尽铛雨渡蔓棠《管图畸数》晦：“况畦揩颇………
zhuanlan.zhihu.com
yellow emperor?
^
^
royal culture migration?
^
royal culture migration?
what does three fingers mean at bronze age?
Aryan Valley, Ladakh India:
family emblem at shang china:
zhuanlan.zhihu.com
Aryan Valley, Ladakh India:
family emblem at shang china:
商周神秘诡异也有趣的族徽文字
作者：徐驳 在商末周初的金文中，有一类象形性很强似图画一样的神秘符号，有专家认为是图画，有专认为是族氏铭文。本文赞成族徽说。商周金文所见族徽符号众多，据王长丰《殷周金文族徽研究》的统计，“目前所见殷…
zhuanlan.zhihu.com
the script on oracle bone of 走 (means "run" or "walk")
Aryan Valley, Ladakh India:
www.sahapedia.org
Aryan Valley, Ladakh India:
Early Records of Petroglyphs and Rock Art from Twentieth-century Ladakh | Sahapedia
Rock carvings found throughout Ladakh have been classified, most recently by archaeologists studying the region, under different time periods. These classifications broadly cover the Neolithic (circa pre-1500 BC) and Paleolithic ages. These findings have paved the way for an understanding of the...
www.sahapedia.org
黄帝 (yellow Lord) means "emperor":
巡泛碎桩图，“碟” 崩矗毛措撤歉赤庆扼浅
“吊”辞肘刻忽援“新”承寡哮，桐取饼城，庙焚慷音，藏雕辅煤蒸划美 1、记奸铁颊擒《倔箭寸寥映》：“桥，感傲艰焊。阎锹，撵刊，汰常俊。截，置话嫩。，鸵浩啃。” 尽铛雨渡蔓棠《管图畸数》晦：“况畦揩颇………
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292340712_Metallurgy_in_Southeast_Asia
shang china
"
Abstract
Decapitation was an integral part of the complex ritual practices recorded in the palaeographic and archaeological records at the Late Shang (c. 1250–1050 BCE) site of Yinxu in Henan Province, China. Although representations of decapitation are often found in societies where the act was carried out, no clear evidence exists for Yinxu, where only a small number of human depictions have been uncovered to date. In this article, I use archaeological data from sacrificial contexts and material culture uncovered during excavations over the past 90 years to investigate the human head as Late Shang elite visual culture. I argue that the dramatic increase in decapitation at Yinxu necessitated the development of a ritually informed process for handling these remains that transformed them into elite objects, while simultaneously pacifying their potentially dangerous post-mortem agency. This research contributes to global comparative studies on the materiality of the human head."
Decapitated Heads as Elite Visual Culture in Late Shang China | Cambridge Archaeological Journal | Cambridge Core
Decapitated Heads as Elite Visual Culture in Late Shang China - Volume 32 Issue 2www.cambridge.org
Chariotry and Prone Burials: Reassessing Late Shang China’s Relationship with Its Northern Neighbours - Journal of World Prehistory
In place of the traditional view that raids and invasion from the north introduced new weapons and chariots to the Shang (c. 1200 BC), we argue that archaeological evidence illustrates the presence of several regional groups at or near the late Shang centre, Anyang. Here we review burial...link.springer.com
Shimao pyramid culture china:
"The most common burial in tombs is the burial of the head or the burial of a wife and concubine, which are characteristic of nomadic peoples"
"The owner of the tomb has the custom of making and using human head bowls"
"Martyrs with their heads cut off"
"The rulers of the ancient city of shimao also popularized this kind of headdress made from human ribs!"
石峁古城 黄帝游牧奴役农耕 华夏自北而南 内城外城贵贱别处 猴脸雕刻 人头奠基 城墙出玉器 统万城平城
石峁古城是早2600年的统万城 石峁古城是早2600年的统万城_徐江伟_新浪博客 石峁古城是早2600年的统万城_徐江伟_新浪博客 徐江伟 陕西榆林石峁古城遗址是全国重点文物保护单位，被誉为“21世纪世界重大考古发现”，…
zhuanlan.zhihu.com
bone for divination:
Shang china, oracle bone:
shimao shaft tomb:
"The 15 pit tombs can be divided into two areas, north and south, of which the southern area has a higher level of tombs, with rounded corners and rectangular planes, and the tomb area is generally more than 10 square meters, with a depth of 3.5 meters to 4 meters."
govt.chinadaily.com.cn
Mycenaean shaft tomb:
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- mogou shaft and side chamber grave at Qijia (seima turbino culture) at china:
- catacomb culture shaft and side chamber grave:
- ancient mexican tombs:
"The 15 pit tombs can be divided into two areas, north and south, of which the southern area has a higher level of tombs, with rounded corners and rectangular planes, and the tomb area is generally more than 10 square meters, with a depth of 3.5 meters to 4 meters."
Archaeologists discover noble-exclusive cemetery at ancient Shimao site in China
A noble-exclusive cemetery with stone walls and rows of burials was discovered at the Shimao site in Shenmu city, Yulin, Shaanxi province, which is evidence of an early-stage country.
govt.chinadaily.com.cn
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- mogou shaft and side chamber grave at Qijia (seima turbino culture) at china:
- catacomb culture shaft and side chamber grave:
- ancient mexican tombs: