Alexandru www
Junior Member
- Messages
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- Ethnic group
- Wallachian&Moldavian
Italian bocca,Neapolitan mmocca,Romanian moaca(face)
Latin porta,Romanian poarta
Neapolitan moccafava,Romanian mocofan,uomo credulone,
related to Romanian gura-casca(literally,yawning mouth),
gura-sparta (literally, broken mouth).
<Addurmirse cu ‘a zizza ‘mmocca
Ad litteram: Addormentarsi con la tetta in bocca >
Italian tetta,Neapolitan zizza,Romanian țîță(read tsîtsă)
< Barba, capille e ppalluccella ‘mmocca specialmente nell’espressione serví ‘e barba etc.
Ad litteram: barba, capelli e pallina in bocca specialmente >
Neapolitan banne,Romanian ban,money,coin,from Latin banda,bandum,I say
"e BANNË - s. m., pl. “i soldi, il danaro”; `o jammë è bbàchënë ncoppë e bbanë:
“il tizio non paga”; ‘e bbane: “il danaro”; bano: nu bbano: “un soldo”.
a BBANÈSIA – s. f. “il danaro”; `o jammë ra bbanèsia: “il tizio del danaro”.
nu BBANO- v. BANË."(l'antica parlesia napoletana...)
EDIT
"The bandon (Greek: βάνδον) was the basic military and territorial administrative unit of the middle Byzantine EmpireIts name, like the Latin bandus and bandum ("ensign, banner"), had a Germanic origin,compare Gothic bandwa sign".
"During the course of the 5th century, the Roman minting system collapsed.
The western half of the Roman Empire was overrun by Germanic tribes,
although some mints remained active in the West under the new barbarian rulers
and continued to mint coins, including high-quality gold solidi, in the name
of the eastern emperors, most notably in Ostrogothic Italy and Burgundy"(Byzantine mints)".
"With the death of Attila the Hun (450 CE) the Ostrogoths declared their independence.
In 474 CE, Theodoric (known as Theodoric the Great) became king of the Ostrogoths and,
backed by the Byzantine Empire, led a campaign into Italy. The Byzantine Empire (formerly
the Eastern Roman Empire) hoped for a return of the glory of Rome and Theodoric, it was thought
, could accomplish this by re-claiming the kingdom from the Germanic King of Italy, Odoacer,
who had taken it from the last Roman emperor. Theodoric defeated Odoacer, pretended to offer
terms of peace, and then killed him, establishing, in 493 CE, the Ostrogothic Empire which
stretched from Sicily, through Italy, to France and parts of modern-day Spain.
Under Theodoric, the empire flourished and Roman art, literature, and culture were embraced.
Although his campaign had been funded by the Byzantines, Theodoric ruled his empire independently
and maintained friendly relations with the empire to the east.
His daughter, and successor, Amalasvintha, ruled first as regent, in 526 CE and in 534 CE became
queen at the death of her son Athalaric. She was assassinated by her cousin Theodahad, who claimed
to be the rightful heir to the throne."
Her death sparked the wrath of Justinian I, Emperor of the Byzantine Empire, who claimed Theodahad a usurper.
He sent the famous general Flavius Belisarius on campaign to Italy to bring the region back into line with the empire"(Ostrogoth)
EDIT
Latin bandum had several meanings,IMO, the closest to the one of "money-coin" is that of "ensign".As mercenaries,those Germanic tribes knew under which banner they fought by the face of the Roman emperor from the coin,while in the scarcity of those periods even the native Roman soldiers were paid in products,mostly grains/food.
Later,they were involved in large-scale minting,making of a big part of the whole process a "Germanic problem".
" Medieval Latin bandum, bannum (“order, decree, ban”) "
" Latin bandum, “a band or flag"
"bandum (bandon, Latin bandum). Originally a battle standard, later a troop of 200 men fighting under such a..."
QUITE A BIG EDIT
Linguistic evidence for the movement of the Latin-speaking lowlanders into the highlands
-the lowlanders have adapted to a Romanian/Latin phonology the Paleo-Balkanic terms,except for mal,which in Romanian means "shore,bank",while in Albanian,mountain.
Latin L is preserved in Albanian,but it switches to R in South italian and Romanian,the so-called substratum follows this trend.
Substratum words
Albanian modhull,Romanian mazare
Albanian brushtull,Romanian brusture
Albanian mugull,Romanian mugur
Albanian thumbull,Romanian sambure
Latin words
Latin masculus,Albanian mashkull(man,male),Romanian mascur(pig,hog,boar)
Latin angelus,Albanian engjell,Romanian inger
Latin mola ,Albanian mulli,Romanian moara
"In Latin loanwords, intervocalic
I appears as Alb II (popull, ulli, menjolle). Otherwise it gives I
(larg, leti, plage). Geminated Lat II is reflected as I (pule, gjel, bule)."(Orel,Albanian Etymological Dictionary)
L>>>>R shifts in Romanian and Southern Italian
Calabrese sordi,Italian soldi
Calabrese purviri,Italian polvere
Calabrese pruppa,Italian polpa
Calabrese furminari,Italian fulminare
Calabrese curtejju,Italian coltello
Puglian acierre,Italian uccello
Napoletano barcunata,Italian balcone
Napoletano purpo,italian polipo
Napoletano sardo,Italian saldo
Latin felicitas,Romanian fericire
etc.
Romanian cutreiera( to wander,to scour) comes from Latin contribulare,con plus tribulare,
is the semantic shift that provide enough evidence for the movements into higher places ,treiera,from L. tribulare, means "to thersh".IMO,the expression "a cutreiera in lung si-n lat"
("to wander in long and wide") proves that the Proto-Romanians knew the initial sense of contribulare.
<In the process of Romanization, the sense of a number of Latin words not pertaining to the life of shepherds was changed by the ancestors of the Rumanians to denote shepherding terms, obviously an indication of the main occupation of this people:
meridies ,midday, middle day ,meriză,the place where the cattle rest at midday
animalia ,animals,nămaie,small cattle
coccineus ,scarlet red,coasin ,(dialectal):sheep with reddish spots on its head
turma ,unit of the Roman cavalry; 30 men; (fig.): group ,turmă,flock
*stimular(ia) (stimulus) ,pointed stake (used in battles) ,strămurare,goad
minor ,to rise, to menace,mâna,to drive, urge on; to carry, push, goad
Remarks: turmă is an example of a word with a special sense (military) being used in a different special sense (shepherd). Latin stimulus had a similar, but broader sense: pointed stake used in battle; and driving stake, with an iron point, used to drive oxen; as well as figuratively stimulus, irritation.
Another Latin word, mixticius mixed, crossed, hybrid may be added, probably => N. Rum. mistreţ wild boar, (Sus scrofa); in French, Provençal, Spanish, and Portuguese with the original Latin sense (see Rosetti, A., Cazacu, B., & Coteanu, I. (red.), Istoria limbii române. [The History of the Rumanian Language], Vol. II, Edit. Acad. RSR, Bucharest, 1969 (Vol. I, 1965)., p. 150). Although this is not a specific shepherd term, it belongs to the life of shepherds.
(Eastern Romance)
Compared with the results,all the source-terms are rather theoretical,pointing to the typical Latin abstractions.
The continuation of that edit is even bigger.
"Insecure times called for construction of fortifications. Some of
these fortified sites were regional centres with military crews and a still
functioning ecclesiastical organization. Besides these, the imperial
authorities strived to build smaller fortifications on important strategic
points along the roads, so as to defend and oversee the communication and
supply systems. These fortified sites also served as refuge centres that
provided safe haven to the populations fleeing the endangered lowland
settlements. Parallel to the construction of these fortifications, smaller
ones were built by rural communities, to provide them with safer
positions. Although their positions changed by moving into locations on
higher altitudes, they carried on with their economic activities on earlier
agricultural fields with a shift towards pastoralism.These measures created a new defensive system, born out of necessity and reflecting how weak the Empire had become. The aim was to reduce the influx of refugees that sought shelters in the south, since the refuges were built in every part of the Empire; but also put to a heavy test the barbarians’ ability to lay siege and to maintain their supply chain"(The World of the Slavs)
"There is in fact enough Latin agricultural vocabulary in Romanian -words for sowing, ploughing, harrowing, and so on - to show that they were farming in Roman times. [69] The shift towards pastoralism was probably quite gradual. One particular factor that may have helped to promote it was the practice of horse-breeding, which was, or at least became, a Vlach speciality: the medieval records are full of Vlach muleteers and Vlachs leading caravans of pack-horses"(Noel Malcom)
"One of the significant elements of the economic life
of an ancient society were market days/village fairs
(nundinae), which had a significant role in supplying
both the urban and rural population.41 In urban areas,
periodical market days were held where the townspeople
could buy produce. The residents of nearby villages
sold their goods there and thus obtained much needed
money for rent or taxes, as well as for buying required
goods or services.42 The Theodosian Codex points to the
importance of selling produce by stating that peasants
were freed from paying lustral tax if they sold produce
from their own farms.43 Products bought for farming
were exempt from the same taxes.44 These regulations
clearly demonstrate the importance of sustaining agricultural
production on both, large and small estates.
The decrees of Emperor Justinian I also stated this view.
In Novella XXXII, addressed to Dominicius, the praetorian
prefect of Illyricum, a series of decrees were
passed to guard against the greed of creditors who took
pawned land from peasants who were unable to repay,
due to poor harvests, the loan of crop seeds.45 In certain
areas itinerant traders also had a significant role.
At Caricin Grad, a large number of artisans, such
as potters, blacksmiths, goldsmiths, glaziers and others
were testified to, clearly indicating that it was a regional
centre which supplied both the local area and those
further afield. The very concept of a newly built centre
with wide streets and porticos points to the fact that the
city was planned as an administrative and trade centre.
(Fig.3) An indication of the lively local and regional
trade is the presence of camels and mules at Caricin
Grad,48 which were particularly used in the 6th century
for transporting goods."
"The 8-day nundinal cycle also seems to have been observed elsewhere in Italy, particularly Campania, as attested in stone calendars and graffiti, as at Pompeii.[85] There are records from the imperial period of towns and villas petitioning for the right to hold such markets (ius nundinarum).[86] Such a right seems to have been universally granted to the capitals of Italy's prefectures (praefecturae) but also extended to some smaller localities where markets were necessary for local trade.[87] These local fairs used the same calendrical system as Rome's, marking out the days of the year into cycles from A to H, but each town or village in an area typically used a separate day, permitting itinerant traders (circumforanei) to attend each in turn."(Nundinae)
"According to Frayn, we may speak of a
« central place » wherever a large town functions as a market centre for a
number of smaller settlements (both smaller towns and villages) in a
surrounding plain. Thus Capua was the « central place » of North Campania
because it was a market centre for the rural population of the area (Cic, Leg.
Agr. 2.88-89), while Noia performed a similar function for the population of the
South Campanian plain."(Markets and Fairs in Roman Italy)
"La straordinaria fertilità della Campania antica, famosa soprattutto per il grano
e il vino, consentiva di sostenere un’articolata rete di città, che trovavano nell’enorme
mercato di Roma lo sbocco principale per le loro eccedenze produttive,
alimentando intense relazioni commerciali, episodicamente attestate dai ritrovamenti
archeologici, ma ricostruibili nei loro meccanismi fondamentali grazie
alla documentazione epigrafica (indices nundinarii) relativa alle nundinae,
mercati periodici di ciclo breve, che si tenevano ogni 7 o 8 giorni in alcune delle
città più importanti della Regio "(TRA LAZIO E CAMPANIA: REGIO I AUGUSTEAE PROBLEMATICHE ODIERNE DI RIPARTIZIONE TERRITORIALE)
"The economic activities of some castella were connected
to agriculture, which particularly applies to those
fortifications situated along the plains and valleys.
This is indicated by the names of castella in some areas
which, according to M. Mirkovi}, bear the names of
former landowners: Tim/ana – Timiana, OÙrbr/ana –
Urbriana, Kassia – Cassia
In the region of the Leskovac basin there were also
villages in the river valleys, evident by the rare finds of
Early Byzantine coins in Re~ica, Turjane, Rafuna
(Crkvena Livada site), Lipovica, Ora{ac (Padina site)
and Rujkovac (Vaskina Porta). These are coin finds
which can be dated to the period of the reigns of Justin
I and Justinian I. What is particularly indicative are the
finds of a solidus of Justin I in Re~ica and a tremissis
of Justinian I in Turjane.32 The cessation of coin circu-
lation in the second half of the 6th century in lowland
parts of the basin points to the fact that the population,
by and large, abandoned the valleys and retreated to
hilltop fortifications. This corresponds with the intensified
building of structures within the empty areas of
the city and porticos at Caricin Grad."
"Towards the end of the 4th century, as a result of
the barbarian invasions and their subsequent settling of
the region of northern Illyricum, significant socio-economic
turmoil started to occur, which was particularly
reflected in the changing roles of the settlements. Roman
lowland settlements gave way to new fortified settlements
on the dominant and well-guarded higher grounds
above the river valleys or in the mountainous regions."
"The anthropogeographic features of the area, the
economic resources in particular, played a significant
role in the settlement of the Leskovac basin. Most of
all, the river valleys stand out, the South Morava in particular,
as well as the Veternica, Jablanica, Pusta Reka
and Toplica, as being suitable for agricultural production
and wheat cultivation. It is worth remembering that
annona represented the foundation of the economy for
urban and rural populations.7 On the other hand, the
foot hills on the margins of the Leskovac basin were
suited to cattle breeding. Viticulture was also present as
one of the most important cultures of that time, judging
by the finds of stone winepresses from Vrbovac,8 in
the vicinity of Caricin Grad and grape seeds at Caricin
Grad. It is quite certain that in this area, as indicated by
the numerous remains of different kinds of grain and
fruit at Cari~in Grad, other agricultural produce was also
grown."(Late Roman Fortifications in the Leskovac Basin
in Relation to Urban Centers)
Latin porta,Romanian poarta
Neapolitan moccafava,Romanian mocofan,uomo credulone,
related to Romanian gura-casca(literally,yawning mouth),
gura-sparta (literally, broken mouth).
<Addurmirse cu ‘a zizza ‘mmocca
Ad litteram: Addormentarsi con la tetta in bocca >
Italian tetta,Neapolitan zizza,Romanian țîță(read tsîtsă)
< Barba, capille e ppalluccella ‘mmocca specialmente nell’espressione serví ‘e barba etc.
Ad litteram: barba, capelli e pallina in bocca specialmente >
Neapolitan banne,Romanian ban,money,coin,from Latin banda,bandum,I say
"e BANNË - s. m., pl. “i soldi, il danaro”; `o jammë è bbàchënë ncoppë e bbanë:
“il tizio non paga”; ‘e bbane: “il danaro”; bano: nu bbano: “un soldo”.
a BBANÈSIA – s. f. “il danaro”; `o jammë ra bbanèsia: “il tizio del danaro”.
nu BBANO- v. BANË."(l'antica parlesia napoletana...)
EDIT
"The bandon (Greek: βάνδον) was the basic military and territorial administrative unit of the middle Byzantine EmpireIts name, like the Latin bandus and bandum ("ensign, banner"), had a Germanic origin,compare Gothic bandwa sign".
"During the course of the 5th century, the Roman minting system collapsed.
The western half of the Roman Empire was overrun by Germanic tribes,
although some mints remained active in the West under the new barbarian rulers
and continued to mint coins, including high-quality gold solidi, in the name
of the eastern emperors, most notably in Ostrogothic Italy and Burgundy"(Byzantine mints)".
"With the death of Attila the Hun (450 CE) the Ostrogoths declared their independence.
In 474 CE, Theodoric (known as Theodoric the Great) became king of the Ostrogoths and,
backed by the Byzantine Empire, led a campaign into Italy. The Byzantine Empire (formerly
the Eastern Roman Empire) hoped for a return of the glory of Rome and Theodoric, it was thought
, could accomplish this by re-claiming the kingdom from the Germanic King of Italy, Odoacer,
who had taken it from the last Roman emperor. Theodoric defeated Odoacer, pretended to offer
terms of peace, and then killed him, establishing, in 493 CE, the Ostrogothic Empire which
stretched from Sicily, through Italy, to France and parts of modern-day Spain.
Under Theodoric, the empire flourished and Roman art, literature, and culture were embraced.
Although his campaign had been funded by the Byzantines, Theodoric ruled his empire independently
and maintained friendly relations with the empire to the east.
His daughter, and successor, Amalasvintha, ruled first as regent, in 526 CE and in 534 CE became
queen at the death of her son Athalaric. She was assassinated by her cousin Theodahad, who claimed
to be the rightful heir to the throne."
Her death sparked the wrath of Justinian I, Emperor of the Byzantine Empire, who claimed Theodahad a usurper.
He sent the famous general Flavius Belisarius on campaign to Italy to bring the region back into line with the empire"(Ostrogoth)
EDIT
Latin bandum had several meanings,IMO, the closest to the one of "money-coin" is that of "ensign".As mercenaries,those Germanic tribes knew under which banner they fought by the face of the Roman emperor from the coin,while in the scarcity of those periods even the native Roman soldiers were paid in products,mostly grains/food.
Later,they were involved in large-scale minting,making of a big part of the whole process a "Germanic problem".
" Medieval Latin bandum, bannum (“order, decree, ban”) "
" Latin bandum, “a band or flag"
"bandum (bandon, Latin bandum). Originally a battle standard, later a troop of 200 men fighting under such a..."
QUITE A BIG EDIT
Linguistic evidence for the movement of the Latin-speaking lowlanders into the highlands
-the lowlanders have adapted to a Romanian/Latin phonology the Paleo-Balkanic terms,except for mal,which in Romanian means "shore,bank",while in Albanian,mountain.
Latin L is preserved in Albanian,but it switches to R in South italian and Romanian,the so-called substratum follows this trend.
Substratum words
Albanian modhull,Romanian mazare
Albanian brushtull,Romanian brusture
Albanian mugull,Romanian mugur
Albanian thumbull,Romanian sambure
Latin words
Latin masculus,Albanian mashkull(man,male),Romanian mascur(pig,hog,boar)
Latin angelus,Albanian engjell,Romanian inger
Latin mola ,Albanian mulli,Romanian moara
"In Latin loanwords, intervocalic
I appears as Alb II (popull, ulli, menjolle). Otherwise it gives I
(larg, leti, plage). Geminated Lat II is reflected as I (pule, gjel, bule)."(Orel,Albanian Etymological Dictionary)
L>>>>R shifts in Romanian and Southern Italian
Calabrese sordi,Italian soldi
Calabrese purviri,Italian polvere
Calabrese pruppa,Italian polpa
Calabrese furminari,Italian fulminare
Calabrese curtejju,Italian coltello
Puglian acierre,Italian uccello
Napoletano barcunata,Italian balcone
Napoletano purpo,italian polipo
Napoletano sardo,Italian saldo
Latin felicitas,Romanian fericire
etc.
Romanian cutreiera( to wander,to scour) comes from Latin contribulare,con plus tribulare,
is the semantic shift that provide enough evidence for the movements into higher places ,treiera,from L. tribulare, means "to thersh".IMO,the expression "a cutreiera in lung si-n lat"
("to wander in long and wide") proves that the Proto-Romanians knew the initial sense of contribulare.
<In the process of Romanization, the sense of a number of Latin words not pertaining to the life of shepherds was changed by the ancestors of the Rumanians to denote shepherding terms, obviously an indication of the main occupation of this people:
meridies ,midday, middle day ,meriză,the place where the cattle rest at midday
animalia ,animals,nămaie,small cattle
coccineus ,scarlet red,coasin ,(dialectal):sheep with reddish spots on its head
turma ,unit of the Roman cavalry; 30 men; (fig.): group ,turmă,flock
*stimular(ia) (stimulus) ,pointed stake (used in battles) ,strămurare,goad
minor ,to rise, to menace,mâna,to drive, urge on; to carry, push, goad
Remarks: turmă is an example of a word with a special sense (military) being used in a different special sense (shepherd). Latin stimulus had a similar, but broader sense: pointed stake used in battle; and driving stake, with an iron point, used to drive oxen; as well as figuratively stimulus, irritation.
Another Latin word, mixticius mixed, crossed, hybrid may be added, probably => N. Rum. mistreţ wild boar, (Sus scrofa); in French, Provençal, Spanish, and Portuguese with the original Latin sense (see Rosetti, A., Cazacu, B., & Coteanu, I. (red.), Istoria limbii române. [The History of the Rumanian Language], Vol. II, Edit. Acad. RSR, Bucharest, 1969 (Vol. I, 1965)., p. 150). Although this is not a specific shepherd term, it belongs to the life of shepherds.
(Eastern Romance)
Compared with the results,all the source-terms are rather theoretical,pointing to the typical Latin abstractions.
The continuation of that edit is even bigger.
"Insecure times called for construction of fortifications. Some of
these fortified sites were regional centres with military crews and a still
functioning ecclesiastical organization. Besides these, the imperial
authorities strived to build smaller fortifications on important strategic
points along the roads, so as to defend and oversee the communication and
supply systems. These fortified sites also served as refuge centres that
provided safe haven to the populations fleeing the endangered lowland
settlements. Parallel to the construction of these fortifications, smaller
ones were built by rural communities, to provide them with safer
positions. Although their positions changed by moving into locations on
higher altitudes, they carried on with their economic activities on earlier
agricultural fields with a shift towards pastoralism.These measures created a new defensive system, born out of necessity and reflecting how weak the Empire had become. The aim was to reduce the influx of refugees that sought shelters in the south, since the refuges were built in every part of the Empire; but also put to a heavy test the barbarians’ ability to lay siege and to maintain their supply chain"(The World of the Slavs)
"There is in fact enough Latin agricultural vocabulary in Romanian -words for sowing, ploughing, harrowing, and so on - to show that they were farming in Roman times. [69] The shift towards pastoralism was probably quite gradual. One particular factor that may have helped to promote it was the practice of horse-breeding, which was, or at least became, a Vlach speciality: the medieval records are full of Vlach muleteers and Vlachs leading caravans of pack-horses"(Noel Malcom)
"One of the significant elements of the economic life
of an ancient society were market days/village fairs
(nundinae), which had a significant role in supplying
both the urban and rural population.41 In urban areas,
periodical market days were held where the townspeople
could buy produce. The residents of nearby villages
sold their goods there and thus obtained much needed
money for rent or taxes, as well as for buying required
goods or services.42 The Theodosian Codex points to the
importance of selling produce by stating that peasants
were freed from paying lustral tax if they sold produce
from their own farms.43 Products bought for farming
were exempt from the same taxes.44 These regulations
clearly demonstrate the importance of sustaining agricultural
production on both, large and small estates.
The decrees of Emperor Justinian I also stated this view.
In Novella XXXII, addressed to Dominicius, the praetorian
prefect of Illyricum, a series of decrees were
passed to guard against the greed of creditors who took
pawned land from peasants who were unable to repay,
due to poor harvests, the loan of crop seeds.45 In certain
areas itinerant traders also had a significant role.
At Caricin Grad, a large number of artisans, such
as potters, blacksmiths, goldsmiths, glaziers and others
were testified to, clearly indicating that it was a regional
centre which supplied both the local area and those
further afield. The very concept of a newly built centre
with wide streets and porticos points to the fact that the
city was planned as an administrative and trade centre.
(Fig.3) An indication of the lively local and regional
trade is the presence of camels and mules at Caricin
Grad,48 which were particularly used in the 6th century
for transporting goods."
"The 8-day nundinal cycle also seems to have been observed elsewhere in Italy, particularly Campania, as attested in stone calendars and graffiti, as at Pompeii.[85] There are records from the imperial period of towns and villas petitioning for the right to hold such markets (ius nundinarum).[86] Such a right seems to have been universally granted to the capitals of Italy's prefectures (praefecturae) but also extended to some smaller localities where markets were necessary for local trade.[87] These local fairs used the same calendrical system as Rome's, marking out the days of the year into cycles from A to H, but each town or village in an area typically used a separate day, permitting itinerant traders (circumforanei) to attend each in turn."(Nundinae)
"According to Frayn, we may speak of a
« central place » wherever a large town functions as a market centre for a
number of smaller settlements (both smaller towns and villages) in a
surrounding plain. Thus Capua was the « central place » of North Campania
because it was a market centre for the rural population of the area (Cic, Leg.
Agr. 2.88-89), while Noia performed a similar function for the population of the
South Campanian plain."(Markets and Fairs in Roman Italy)
"La straordinaria fertilità della Campania antica, famosa soprattutto per il grano
e il vino, consentiva di sostenere un’articolata rete di città, che trovavano nell’enorme
mercato di Roma lo sbocco principale per le loro eccedenze produttive,
alimentando intense relazioni commerciali, episodicamente attestate dai ritrovamenti
archeologici, ma ricostruibili nei loro meccanismi fondamentali grazie
alla documentazione epigrafica (indices nundinarii) relativa alle nundinae,
mercati periodici di ciclo breve, che si tenevano ogni 7 o 8 giorni in alcune delle
città più importanti della Regio "(TRA LAZIO E CAMPANIA: REGIO I AUGUSTEAE PROBLEMATICHE ODIERNE DI RIPARTIZIONE TERRITORIALE)
"The economic activities of some castella were connected
to agriculture, which particularly applies to those
fortifications situated along the plains and valleys.
This is indicated by the names of castella in some areas
which, according to M. Mirkovi}, bear the names of
former landowners: Tim/ana – Timiana, OÙrbr/ana –
Urbriana, Kassia – Cassia
In the region of the Leskovac basin there were also
villages in the river valleys, evident by the rare finds of
Early Byzantine coins in Re~ica, Turjane, Rafuna
(Crkvena Livada site), Lipovica, Ora{ac (Padina site)
and Rujkovac (Vaskina Porta). These are coin finds
which can be dated to the period of the reigns of Justin
I and Justinian I. What is particularly indicative are the
finds of a solidus of Justin I in Re~ica and a tremissis
of Justinian I in Turjane.32 The cessation of coin circu-
lation in the second half of the 6th century in lowland
parts of the basin points to the fact that the population,
by and large, abandoned the valleys and retreated to
hilltop fortifications. This corresponds with the intensified
building of structures within the empty areas of
the city and porticos at Caricin Grad."
"Towards the end of the 4th century, as a result of
the barbarian invasions and their subsequent settling of
the region of northern Illyricum, significant socio-economic
turmoil started to occur, which was particularly
reflected in the changing roles of the settlements. Roman
lowland settlements gave way to new fortified settlements
on the dominant and well-guarded higher grounds
above the river valleys or in the mountainous regions."
"The anthropogeographic features of the area, the
economic resources in particular, played a significant
role in the settlement of the Leskovac basin. Most of
all, the river valleys stand out, the South Morava in particular,
as well as the Veternica, Jablanica, Pusta Reka
and Toplica, as being suitable for agricultural production
and wheat cultivation. It is worth remembering that
annona represented the foundation of the economy for
urban and rural populations.7 On the other hand, the
foot hills on the margins of the Leskovac basin were
suited to cattle breeding. Viticulture was also present as
one of the most important cultures of that time, judging
by the finds of stone winepresses from Vrbovac,8 in
the vicinity of Caricin Grad and grape seeds at Caricin
Grad. It is quite certain that in this area, as indicated by
the numerous remains of different kinds of grain and
fruit at Cari~in Grad, other agricultural produce was also
grown."(Late Roman Fortifications in the Leskovac Basin
in Relation to Urban Centers)
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