Kristiina
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Now that more and more ancient y DNA is coming out, I am not so sure if you will be able to stick to all your old views. The list below is quite long but there you can see the cultural context of ancient yDNA N specimens, and I must say that this Arctic hunter gatherer hypothesis is not so very well supported.
Niuheliang, Hongshan Culture, 5000 YBP, 4 N, 1 C*, 1 O
Halahaigou, Hongshan-Xiaoheyan Culture, 4500 YBP, all N
Hongshan burial artifacts include some of the earliest known examples of jade working. The Hongshan culture is known for its jade pig dragons and embryo dragons. Clay figurines, including figurines of pregnant women, are also found throughout Hongshan sites. Small copper rings were also excavated. Painted pottery was also discovered within the temple. Over 60 nearby tombs have been unearthed, all constructed of stone and covered by stone mounds, frequently including jade artifacts. Cairns were discovered atop two nearby two hills, with either round or square stepped tombs, made of piled limestone. Entombed inside were sculptures of dragons and tortoises.
Miaozigou, Central-South Inner Mongolia, Yangshao Culture, 5500 YBP, all N
Yangshao people cultivated millet extensively; some also cultivated wheat or rice. The exact nature of Yangshao agriculture, small-scale slash-and-burn cultivation versus intensive agriculture in permanent fields, is currently a matter of debate. However, Middle Yangshao settlements such as Jiangzhi contain raised-floor buildings that may have been used for the storage of surplus grains. The Yangshao people kept such animals as pigs, chickens and dogs, as well as sheep, goats, and cattle, but much of their meat came from hunting and fishing.
Dadianzi, Lower Xiajiadian Culture, 3600 YBP, 3 N, 2 O3
Subsistence was based on millet farming supplemented with animal husbandry and hunting. Archaeological sites have yielded the remains of pigs, dogs, sheep and cattle. Stone, bone and pottery artefacts were discovered at Lower Xiajiadian sites, while gold, lead, lacquer, jade, copper and bronze artefacts are also found. The most commonly found copper and bronze artefacts are earrings.
Dashanqian, Upper Xiajiadian Culture, 3000 YBP, 1 C, 3 N1c, 1 N, 2 O3-M117, 2 O3-M324
The Upper Xiajiadian culture produced inferior ceramic artifacts compared to those of the Lower Xiajiadian culture, although this was compensated by their superior bronze, bone and stone artifacts. The culture is well known for its bronze objects, producing bronze daggers, axes, chisels, arrowheads, knives and helmets. Upper Xiajiadian bronzes were decorated with animal and natural motifs, which suggest possible Scythian affinities and indicate continued cultural contact and exchange across the Eurasian steppes. Upper Xiajiadian culture shows evidence of a drastic shift in lifestyle compared to that of the Lower Xiajiadian culture. The Upper Xiajiadian culture placed less emphasis on permanent structures, preferring to reoccupy Lower Xiajiadian structures or reuse Lower Xiajiadian stones for building Upper Xiajiadian structures. The horse became important to the culture, as evidenced by the remains of horses and horse paraphernalia found at Upper Xiajiadian sites
Tianshan Beilu, Hami, Xinjiang, 3300-4000 YBP, 5 N, 1 C
As far as published materials are concerned, the earliest metals recovered in Xinjiang thus far are those from the Tianshan Beilu cemetery in Hami, eastern Xinjiang, which are roughly dated to the first half of the second millennium BCE. Scientific examinations have demonstrated that the metals udsed by the Tianshan Beilu people include not just tin bronze and copper, but also arsenical copper. The predominant use of tin bronze and arsenical bronze also points to connections with cultures farther to the west and north in the Eurasian steppe, such as Seima-Turbino and Andronovo.
Hengbei site, Jiang County, Shanxi, 2800-3000 YBP, 9 Q1a1， 2 O2a-M95, 1 N, 4 O3a2-P201, 2 O3, 4 O*
The site dates back to approximately 3,000 years ago, a key transitional period during the rise of the Han Chinese. Some graves have yielded many funerary objects (e.g., bronze sacrificial vessels, pottery vessels, agate ornaments) along with several human sacrifices, indicating that these graves were owned by aristocrats. However, the majority of the graves contained only a few pottery vessels, suggesting that they were owned by commoners. In addition, because slaves were often buried to accompany their masters in the Shang and Zhou Dynasty, the human sacrifices of Hengbei might be from slaves. The only N male belonged to aristocrats.
Egyin Gol site, Mongolia, 2000 YBP, N1c, C3, Q
Xiongnu Cemetery in Northeast Mongolia 7x N1c, 2x R1b, 17x R1a1 (According to Klyosov)
The Xiongnu were an ancient nomadic people who formed a state or confederation centered on current Mongolia. The Xiongnu use of large numbers of heavy cavalry with iron armour for both rider and horse gave them a decisive advantage. Elaborate burials were reserved for the elite members of society, who were often buried with sacrificial animals and humans at the time of burial. And relatives were often buried next to each other.
Pre-Scythian Mezőcsát Culture, Hungary, 830–980 BC, N (IR1)
IR1 comes from a burial site of the Mezocsat Culture, which is generally accepted to be of Cimmerian origin. The Cimmerians are usually described as a nomadic Indo-European people from the Kuban steppe, just north of the Caucasus, who were pushed west by the expanding Scythians. Apparently, they founded a variety of cultures in the Carpathian Basin and Balkans by imposing themselves as the ruling elite over the locals. It's remarkable how closely IR1's genetic structure fits this narrative.
In the Carpathian Basin, the Iron Age commenced around 800 BC, when a new population moved into the territory and took possession of the former population’s centers fortified by earthworks. The new population may have consisted of ancient Iranian tribes that had seceded from the federation of the tribes living under the suzerainty of the Cimmerians. They were equestrian nomads and formed the people of the Mezőcsát culture who used tools and weapons made of iron. They extended their rule over what are now the Great Hungarian Plain and the eastern parts of Transdanubia.
Niuheliang, Hongshan Culture, 5000 YBP, 4 N, 1 C*, 1 O
Halahaigou, Hongshan-Xiaoheyan Culture, 4500 YBP, all N
Hongshan burial artifacts include some of the earliest known examples of jade working. The Hongshan culture is known for its jade pig dragons and embryo dragons. Clay figurines, including figurines of pregnant women, are also found throughout Hongshan sites. Small copper rings were also excavated. Painted pottery was also discovered within the temple. Over 60 nearby tombs have been unearthed, all constructed of stone and covered by stone mounds, frequently including jade artifacts. Cairns were discovered atop two nearby two hills, with either round or square stepped tombs, made of piled limestone. Entombed inside were sculptures of dragons and tortoises.
Miaozigou, Central-South Inner Mongolia, Yangshao Culture, 5500 YBP, all N
Yangshao people cultivated millet extensively; some also cultivated wheat or rice. The exact nature of Yangshao agriculture, small-scale slash-and-burn cultivation versus intensive agriculture in permanent fields, is currently a matter of debate. However, Middle Yangshao settlements such as Jiangzhi contain raised-floor buildings that may have been used for the storage of surplus grains. The Yangshao people kept such animals as pigs, chickens and dogs, as well as sheep, goats, and cattle, but much of their meat came from hunting and fishing.
Dadianzi, Lower Xiajiadian Culture, 3600 YBP, 3 N, 2 O3
Subsistence was based on millet farming supplemented with animal husbandry and hunting. Archaeological sites have yielded the remains of pigs, dogs, sheep and cattle. Stone, bone and pottery artefacts were discovered at Lower Xiajiadian sites, while gold, lead, lacquer, jade, copper and bronze artefacts are also found. The most commonly found copper and bronze artefacts are earrings.
Dashanqian, Upper Xiajiadian Culture, 3000 YBP, 1 C, 3 N1c, 1 N, 2 O3-M117, 2 O3-M324
The Upper Xiajiadian culture produced inferior ceramic artifacts compared to those of the Lower Xiajiadian culture, although this was compensated by their superior bronze, bone and stone artifacts. The culture is well known for its bronze objects, producing bronze daggers, axes, chisels, arrowheads, knives and helmets. Upper Xiajiadian bronzes were decorated with animal and natural motifs, which suggest possible Scythian affinities and indicate continued cultural contact and exchange across the Eurasian steppes. Upper Xiajiadian culture shows evidence of a drastic shift in lifestyle compared to that of the Lower Xiajiadian culture. The Upper Xiajiadian culture placed less emphasis on permanent structures, preferring to reoccupy Lower Xiajiadian structures or reuse Lower Xiajiadian stones for building Upper Xiajiadian structures. The horse became important to the culture, as evidenced by the remains of horses and horse paraphernalia found at Upper Xiajiadian sites
Tianshan Beilu, Hami, Xinjiang, 3300-4000 YBP, 5 N, 1 C
As far as published materials are concerned, the earliest metals recovered in Xinjiang thus far are those from the Tianshan Beilu cemetery in Hami, eastern Xinjiang, which are roughly dated to the first half of the second millennium BCE. Scientific examinations have demonstrated that the metals udsed by the Tianshan Beilu people include not just tin bronze and copper, but also arsenical copper. The predominant use of tin bronze and arsenical bronze also points to connections with cultures farther to the west and north in the Eurasian steppe, such as Seima-Turbino and Andronovo.
Hengbei site, Jiang County, Shanxi, 2800-3000 YBP, 9 Q1a1， 2 O2a-M95, 1 N, 4 O3a2-P201, 2 O3, 4 O*
The site dates back to approximately 3,000 years ago, a key transitional period during the rise of the Han Chinese. Some graves have yielded many funerary objects (e.g., bronze sacrificial vessels, pottery vessels, agate ornaments) along with several human sacrifices, indicating that these graves were owned by aristocrats. However, the majority of the graves contained only a few pottery vessels, suggesting that they were owned by commoners. In addition, because slaves were often buried to accompany their masters in the Shang and Zhou Dynasty, the human sacrifices of Hengbei might be from slaves. The only N male belonged to aristocrats.
Egyin Gol site, Mongolia, 2000 YBP, N1c, C3, Q
Xiongnu Cemetery in Northeast Mongolia 7x N1c, 2x R1b, 17x R1a1 (According to Klyosov)
The Xiongnu were an ancient nomadic people who formed a state or confederation centered on current Mongolia. The Xiongnu use of large numbers of heavy cavalry with iron armour for both rider and horse gave them a decisive advantage. Elaborate burials were reserved for the elite members of society, who were often buried with sacrificial animals and humans at the time of burial. And relatives were often buried next to each other.
Pre-Scythian Mezőcsát Culture, Hungary, 830–980 BC, N (IR1)
IR1 comes from a burial site of the Mezocsat Culture, which is generally accepted to be of Cimmerian origin. The Cimmerians are usually described as a nomadic Indo-European people from the Kuban steppe, just north of the Caucasus, who were pushed west by the expanding Scythians. Apparently, they founded a variety of cultures in the Carpathian Basin and Balkans by imposing themselves as the ruling elite over the locals. It's remarkable how closely IR1's genetic structure fits this narrative.
In the Carpathian Basin, the Iron Age commenced around 800 BC, when a new population moved into the territory and took possession of the former population’s centers fortified by earthworks. The new population may have consisted of ancient Iranian tribes that had seceded from the federation of the tribes living under the suzerainty of the Cimmerians. They were equestrian nomads and formed the people of the Mezőcsát culture who used tools and weapons made of iron. They extended their rule over what are now the Great Hungarian Plain and the eastern parts of Transdanubia.
Would be cool if this proves.
