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Introduction
Avignon is the capital of the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region. Known as the "City of Popes," it served as the papal seat from 1309 to 1377, leaving a legacy of remarkable medieval architecture, including the Palais des Papes and well-preserved city walls. The historic centre of Avignon, encompassing these landmarks and the famous Pont d’Avignon, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Today, Avignon is renowned for its cultural significance, hosting the annual Festival d’Avignon, one of the most prominent performing arts festivals in Europe. The city also serves as a hub for exploring Provence and is celebrated for its connection to Côtes-du-Rhône wines.
Interesting Facts about Avignon
- Avignon was a Phoenician trading post during High Antiquity before becoming a flourishing Roman town.
- The city declared itself an independent republic at the end of the 12th century.
- Avignon was the capital of the Medieval western world in the 15th century when it became the seat of the papacy.
- During the Black Death in 1348, Pope Clement VI consecrated the entire Rhône river to allow for 'holy' burials of plague victims.
- The famous wine Châteauneuf-du-Pape originated from the efforts of Avignon's popes to improve local viticulture.
- Marie of Avignon, a 14th-century visionary, predicted the coming of Joan of Arc nearly 50 years before her appearance.
- Picasso's famous painting 'Les Demoiselles d'Avignon' actually refers to a street in Barcelona, not the French city.
- Author Joseph Heller's experience flying over Avignon during World War II inspired a scene in his novel 'Catch-22'.
- The Palais des Papes in Avignon is the largest surviving Gothic palace in Europe.
- Avignon's population grew from 6,000 to 25,000 during the papacy's residence in the 14th century.
- The city walls of Avignon, built in the 14th century, stretch for more than three miles and include 39 towers.
- Avignon was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1995 and served as the European cultural capital for the year 2000.
History
Avignon's history spans millennia, with excavations indicating the earliest settlement dates back about 5,000 years. Originally a Phoenician trading post during High Antiquity, it evolved into a flourishing Roman town known as Avennio. The city's strategic position at a point where the narrow Rhône valley opens into a broad delta plain made it a much-fought-over prize throughout the early Middle Ages, with Gothic, Saracen and Frankish tribes all vying for control. By the 12th century, Avignon had established itself as an independent republic with a flourishing trade, though it later lost this independence when occupied by King Louis VIII of France in the 13th century.
The city's most significant historical period began in 1309 when Pope Clement V chose Avignon as the papal residence instead of Rome, which was deemed too dangerous. This decision transformed the sleepy town dramatically, with its population exploding from 5,000 to 40,000 in just a few years. Under Pope Benedict XII, construction of the enormous Palais des Papes began in 1335, completed in less than 30 years—an astounding achievement for the time. The palace was a testament to opulence, featuring rich frescoes, intricate woodcarvings, and splendid tiled floors. Avignon remained the sole capital of the Church until 1377 and continued as one of the papacy's residences during the Great Schism (1378-1417) when popes ruled in both Avignon and Rome.
After the papal court's departure, Avignon experienced a gradual decline, though it retained its significance through various conflicts. The palace suffered as much of its richness was stolen or damaged, particularly when it housed soldiers in the 18th and 19th centuries who chiselled away precious frescoes to sell on the streets. Despite being a papal territory until the French Revolution, Avignon benefited little from the first Industrial Revolution and entered a period of relative anonymity in the 19th century. The 20th century, however, saw a cultural renaissance for the city, with the founding of its renowned Theatre Festival in 1947 by Jean Vilar. In recognition of its architectural beauty and historic importance, Avignon's historic centre was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1995, and the city served as the European cultural capital for 2000.
Main Attractions
Palais des Papes
The Palais des Papes is Avignon's most emblematic landmark and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It was the residence of the 14th-century pontiffs and is considered the most important Gothic palace in the world. The palace symbolizes Avignon's rich history and diverse culture as a fortress, papal residence, and epicenter of Christian Europe.
The Palais des Papes is a masterpiece of Gothic architecture, reflecting the power and influence of the papacy during its time in Avignon. Visitors can explore the palace's grand halls, chapels, and private apartments, gaining insight into the lives of the popes who once resided there. The palace also hosts cultural events and exhibitions throughout the year, making it a vibrant cultural hub in Avignon.
A visit to the Palais des Papes is essential for understanding Avignon's historical significance and cultural heritage. The palace's imposing structure and beautiful architecture make it a must-see attraction for anyone interested in history, architecture, or culture. Whether you are exploring the palace's interior or admiring its exterior grandeur, the Palais des Papes is an unforgettable experience in Avignon.
Cathédrale Notre-Dame des Doms
Cathédrale Notre-Dame des Doms is a 12th-century Romanesque cathedral located next to the Palais des Papes. It is famous for its gilded statue of the Virgin Mary atop the bell tower and its mix of Romanesque, Gothic, and Baroque architectural styles. The cathedral contains notable artworks, including frescoes, sculptures, and the tomb of Pope Benedict XII. Entry is free, although donations are appreciated, and occasional sacred music concerts are hosted inside.
The cathedral's architecture reflects the evolution of Avignon's cultural and religious influences over the centuries. Its Romanesque origins are evident in the nave, while the Gothic and Baroque elements are visible in the chapels and the bell tower. The gilded statue of the Virgin Mary, added in the 19th century, is a striking feature that overlooks the city. Visitors can explore the cathedral's interior to admire its historical and artistic significance.
Cathédrale Notre-Dame des Doms is also a significant religious site, hosting various ceremonies and events throughout the year. Its proximity to the Palais des Papes underscores Avignon's historical role as the seat of the papacy during the 14th century. Whether you are interested in history, architecture, or spirituality, the cathedral is a must-visit attraction in Avignon.
Rocher des Doms and Jardin des Doms
The Rocher des Doms is a rocky hill located above the Palais des Papes, offering panoramic views of the Rhône River, Mont Ventoux, and the surrounding countryside. On this hill is the Jardin des Doms, a landscaped English-style garden that provides a serene escape from the bustling city. The garden includes a pond, shaded walking paths, picnic areas, and a café for refreshments. It is accessible via multiple entrances and is free to visit year-round, making it a popular spot for both locals and tourists.
The Jardin des Doms is not just a beautiful garden but also a historical site. It has been a place of recreation for centuries, offering a tranquil atmosphere amidst the vibrant city of Avignon. Visitors can enjoy leisurely walks, relax on the grass, or simply sit on a bench and take in the stunning views of the city and the Rhône River. The garden's proximity to the Palais des Papes and the cathedral makes it an ideal stop during a day of exploring Avignon's historical landmarks.
In the evenings, the Rocher des Doms and its gardens take on a magical quality, with the city lights reflecting off the Rhône River. It is a perfect spot to unwind after a day of sightseeing, offering a peaceful ambiance that complements the rich history and culture of Avignon. Whether you are interested in history, nature, or simply enjoying a beautiful view, the Rocher des Doms and Jardin des Doms are essential attractions to visit in Avignon.
Pont Saint-Bénézet (Pont d'Avignon)
Pont Saint-Bénézet, commonly known as the Pont d'Avignon, is a medieval bridge built in the 12th century. It originally spanned the Rhône River, connecting Avignon with Villeneuve-lès-Avignon. Today, only four of its original 22 arches remain due to repeated flooding and damage. The bridge features the Chapel of Saint Nicholas on one of its piers and offers picturesque views of the Rhône River and the city. Visitors often walk its preserved arches and sing the famous song "Sur le Pont d'Avignon" while taking in the historical and cultural significance of this UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Pont Saint-Bénézet is not just a relic of medieval engineering but also a symbol of Avignon's rich history. Its construction is attributed to a legendary shepherd named Bénézet, who, according to myth, was inspired by God to build the bridge. Over the centuries, the bridge has been a witness to warfare and natural disasters, yet it remains a significant tourist attraction. Visitors can explore the bridge during the day and enjoy the beautiful sunsets over the Rhône River in the evening.
The bridge's historical significance is complemented by its architectural uniqueness. The remaining arches are a testament to the engineering skills of medieval builders, who managed to construct such a massive structure without modern technology. Today, Pont Saint-Bénézet is a must-visit for anyone interested in history, architecture, or simply enjoying a scenic walk with a legendary backdrop.
Rue des Teinturiers
Rue des Teinturiers, known as "Dyer's Street," is a historic area that was once a hub for Avignon's textile industry from the 14th to 19th centuries. The street features a canal with four remaining waterwheels that powered factories in the past. It is lined with cobblestone streets, boutique shops, cafés, and historical landmarks such as the Chapel of the Grey Penitents. Visitors can explore the charming atmosphere of this medieval street, which offers a glimpse into Avignon's industrial past.
Today, Rue des Teinturiers is a popular destination for shopping and dining. The street is filled with unique boutiques selling local crafts and souvenirs, as well as restaurants offering traditional Provençal cuisine. The sound of running water from the canal and the sight of ancient waterwheels create a picturesque backdrop for a leisurely stroll or lunch at one of the local eateries.
The historical significance of Rue des Teinturiers is complemented by its vibrant cultural scene. The street often hosts local events and festivals, showcasing Avignon's rich heritage and community spirit. Whether you are interested in history, shopping, or simply enjoying a meal in a unique setting, Rue des Teinturiers is an essential part of any visit to Avignon.
Place de l'Horloge
Place de l'Horloge is the central square of Avignon, bustling with activity and surrounded by restaurants, cafés, and shaded terraces under plane trees. It is home to landmarks like the city hall (Hôtel de Ville), opera house, and a carousel for children. The square often hosts street performances during events like the Festival d'Avignon in July, making it a lively and dynamic spot to experience the city's vibrant culture.
The square's name comes from the clock installed on top of the Town Hall, which has become a symbol of Avignon's historical centre. Place de l'Horloge is a popular spot for tourists and locals alike, offering a variety of dining options and entertainment. Visitors can enjoy a meal at one of the many restaurants, watch street performers, or simply relax in the shade of the plane trees.
In the evenings, Place de l'Horloge transforms into a lively hub of activity, with outdoor seating areas filled with people enjoying dinner or drinks. The square's central location makes it an ideal meeting point for exploring Avignon's historical sites or attending cultural events. Whether you are interested in history, culture, or simply enjoying a lively atmosphere, Place de l'Horloge is a must-visit destination in Avignon.
City Walls
The magnificent city walls of Avignon, known in French as "Les Remparts d'Avignon," encircle the historic centre with 4.3 kilometres of imposing limestone fortifications. Dating back to the 14th century during the Avignon papacy, these defensive structures were built under Pope Innocent VI to protect the expanding town from threats during the Hundred Years' War. Standing approximately 8 metres tall and adorned with battlements, the walls originally featured 35 major defensive towers, 50 smaller intermediate towers, and 12 gates, though this number was later reduced to seven to symbolise the seven hills of Rome. Over the centuries, the walls have undergone numerous reconstructions and repairs, reflecting Avignon's tumultuous history. Today, these well-preserved ramparts remain a striking testament to the city's medieval past, with 15 vehicular entrances and 11 pedestrian access points allowing visitors to pass through these ancient fortifications into the charming cobbled streets within.
Île de la Barthelasse
Île de la Barthelasse is the largest river island in Europe, situated between Avignon and Villeneuve-lès-Avignon. It offers a variety of recreational activities such as cycling along marked trails, kayaking on the Rhône, and picnicking in green spaces. The island is accessible via a free ferry from Avignon's city centre and provides a peaceful escape from urban life.
The island is primarily agricultural, with about 700 hectares dedicated to farming. This has preserved its natural beauty and prevented urban development. Visitors can enjoy a range of leisure activities, including cycling, kayaking, and visiting local farms to purchase fresh produce. The island also features a skate park, football fields, a swimming pool, and a youth hostel, making it an ideal destination for families and outdoor enthusiasts.
Île de la Barthelasse offers stunning views of Avignon, particularly from the chemin de halage, a tranquil path along the Rhône River. This path provides an unobstructed view of the Pont d'Avignon, Rocher des Doms, and Palais des Papes, making it perfect for walking, jogging, or simply enjoying the scenery. The island's natural beauty and recreational opportunities make it a unique attraction in Avignon, offering a blend of nature, culture, and leisure activities.
Top Museums
Art and Fine Arts Museums
Musée du Petit Palais
Housed in a 14th-century former archbishop's palace near the Palais des Papes, this museum is a treasure trove of medieval and Renaissance art. It features over 300 Italian primitive paintings, including works by Botticelli, alongside sculptures and masterpieces from the Ecole d’Avignon. The setting itself, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, enhances the experience with its historical grandeur. Visitors can explore the intricate frescoes and ornate details that adorn the palace's walls, immersing themselves in the artistic and architectural heritage of the region.
Musée Calvet
Located in an 18th-century hôtel particulier, this museum offers an extensive collection spanning fine arts, archaeology, decorative arts, and ethnology. Highlights include Joseph Vernet’s seascapes, 16th-20th century European artworks, and artefacts from Asia, Oceania, and Africa. The museum also showcases pieces from the Avignon School of painters, providing a glimpse into the local artistic traditions. Its diverse collections make it a must-visit for anyone interested in exploring the broader cultural landscape of Avignon.
Musée Angladon
This intimate museum is set in a historic mansion and features 19th-20th century art, including works by Van Gogh (Railway Carriages), Degas, Cézanne, and Modigliani. Its charm lies in its blend of modern exhibitions with the original family rooms where older collections are displayed. The museum offers a unique opportunity to see these masterpieces in a domestic setting, providing a personal and engaging experience for visitors.
Decorative Arts and Provençal Culture
Louis Vouland Museum
This museum is dedicated to decorative arts from the 17th and 18th centuries. Its collection includes exquisite furniture, porcelain, tapestries, and clocks. Set in a former private mansion with a serene garden, it also features Provençal artworks from the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Visitors can appreciate the intricate craftsmanship and elegance of the period, while the garden offers a peaceful retreat from the city.
Palais du Roure
A 15th-century hôtel particulier, this museum is a hub for Provençal culture. It houses manuscripts, traditional costumes, furniture, bells, and Christmas cribs. The building itself reflects Provençal heritage with its painted ceilings and oak-themed façade. The museum provides a comprehensive look at the region's cultural identity, showcasing the traditions and customs that have shaped Avignon over the centuries.
Archaeology and Natural History
Musée Lapidaire
An annex of the Musée Calvet located in a former Jesuit chapel, this museum displays archaeological artefacts such as Roman sculptures, Greek votive reliefs, Celtic statues (including the famous "Tarasque" of Noves), and architectural elements from Gallo-Roman civilisation. The museum offers a fascinating glimpse into Avignon's ancient past, highlighting the city's strategic importance during Roman times.
Museum Requien
Named after naturalist Esprit Requien, this museum focuses on natural history with collections of fossils, minerals, botanical specimens (including an extensive herbarium), and zoological displays. It offers insights into Provence’s geological past alongside temporary exhibitions. Visitors can explore the region's biodiversity and learn about the scientific contributions of Requien, who was instrumental in documenting the flora of Provence.
Contemporary Art
Collection Lambert
Situated in two grand 18th-century mansions, this contemporary art museum was founded by collector Yvon Lambert. It showcases works from the late 20th century to today by artists like Cy Twombly and Sol LeWitt. The museum also hosts rotating exhibitions and cultural events in its modernised spaces. The Collection Lambert is a vibrant hub for contemporary art, providing a dynamic contrast to Avignon's historical landmarks.
Additional Cultural Experiences
Palais des Papes
While not strictly a museum, the Palais des Papes is an essential cultural site in Avignon. This medieval palace served as the residence of the Pope during the Western Schism and is one of the largest Gothic palaces in the world. It offers guided tours that delve into its historical significance and architectural grandeur.
Avignon's Street Art
Beyond the museums, Avignon is also known for its vibrant street art scene. Visitors can explore the city's walls and alleys to discover murals and graffiti that reflect the city's modern artistic spirit. This blend of traditional and contemporary art adds to Avignon's appeal as a cultural destination.
Local Cuisine
Avignon offers a rich culinary experience that reflects its Mediterranean climate and cultural influences. Local specialties include pieds et paquets, a traditional dish featuring tripe and trotters, and foie de veau en persillade, veal liver with parsley sauce. The region is renowned for its fresh produce, with asparagus being a seasonal highlight, often served in soups or as a standalone dish. Visitors can also indulge in charcuterie plates, which showcase Provençal sausages alongside Spanish chorizo. For a broader taste of Provence, head to Les Halles market, where you can sample local delicacies and fresh produce. The nearby Camargue region adds to the culinary diversity with dishes like gardiane de taureau and brandade de morue.
Shopping
Avignon’s shopping scene combines Provençal charm with a mix of modern and traditional offerings. The main shopping artery, rue de la République, features French chain stores like Monoprix and FNAC, while nearby streets such as rue Joseph-Vernet and rue Saint-Agricol host upscale boutiques, designer outlets, and artisanal shops. For food enthusiasts, Les Halles d'Avignon, a covered market at place Pie, offers regional produce including wine, charcuterie, and fresh vegetables. Souvenirs such as lavender products, olive oil, and local wines like Châteauneuf-du-Pape can be found in specialty shops scattered throughout the city. Many stores close for lunch between 12:00 and 14:00, with smaller shops often closed on Mondays.
Nature in and around Avignon
The Barthelasse Island, located just off the city walls, is the largest river island in Europe and provides a tranquil escape with its lush greenery. For those interested in exploring further afield, the Luberon region is about an hour away, featuring vibrant landscapes of vineyards, lavender fields, and the unique Colorado Provençal with its colourful ochre cliffs. The Mont Ventoux, a prominent mountain, offers diverse landscapes and activities such as hiking and cycling. Additionally, the Dentelles de Montmirail massif is renowned for its impressive limestone cliffs and picturesque villages, ideal for hiking and climbing.
Getting There & Around
To get to Avignon, you can use the city's two train stations: Gare Centre, located near the Tourist Office, and Gare TGV, about 6 km from the city centre. The TGV connects Avignon to major cities like Paris, Lyon, and Marseille. Once in Avignon, the city is easily explored on foot, especially the historic centre. For longer journeys, the Orizo bus network is convenient, covering the Greater Avignon area. You can also use the Vélopop bike-sharing scheme, which offers electric bikes at various stations. Taxis are available at major ranks, and car hire is an option for those who prefer driving. Additionally, a 24-hour public transport pass is available with the Avignon City Pass, providing unlimited access to buses and trams.
Best Time to Visit
The best time to visit Avignon largely depends on your preferences. For warm weather and vibrant cultural events, summer is ideal, particularly June and August, with temperatures often reaching the mid-80s Fahrenheit. However, these months are peak tourist season, meaning larger crowds and higher prices. Alternatively, the shoulder seasons of spring and autumn offer a more balanced experience, with mild temperatures, fewer crowds, and more affordable prices. Spring brings blooming landscapes and festivals like the Avignon Theatre Festival, while autumn is marked by harvest celebrations and pleasant days. If you prefer a quieter, more intimate experience, winter might be the best choice, despite the cooler and wetter conditions, as it allows for a more relaxed exploration of the city's historic sites at lower costs.