Modern names of Roman cities, towns or villages in Western Europe
The connection between Ancient Rome and modern times is rarely obvious from the present city name. London, the Roman Londinium, is an easy one. It is much harder to guess than Roman Isca Dumnoniorum is the same place as modern Exeter. Here is a list of the main Roman cities by country, with their modern-day equivalent.
England
Almost all British cities with names ending in "-c(h)ester" have Roman origins. Chester/cester is the anglicised version of the Latin "castrum", meaning fortification/town.
Aquae Sulis => Bath
Bannaventa => Norton (village), Northamptonshire
Calleva Atrebatum => Silchester (village), Hampshire
Camulodunum (or Colonia Claudia Victricensis) => Colchester*
Causennae => Ancaster (village), Lincolnshire
Corinium => Cirencester
Corstopitum (or Coria) => Corbridge
Deva (or Deva Victrix) => Chester
Dubris => Dover
Durnovaria => Dorchester
Durobrivae => Water Newton (village), Cambridgeshire
Durolipons => Cambridge
Durovernon => Canterbury
Eboracum => York
Glevum => Gloucester
Isca Dumnoniorum => Exeter
Isurium Brigantum => Aldborough (village), North Yorkshire
Lactodorum => Towcester (village), Northamptonshire
Letocetum => Wall (village), Staffordshire
Lindum => Lincoln
Lindinis => Ilchester (village), Somerset
Londinium => London
Manduessedum => Mancetter (village), Warwickshire
Mediolanum => Whitchurch (village), Shropshire
Noviomagus Reginorum => Chichester
Ratae Coritanorum => Leicester
Tripontium => Newton and Biggin (village), Warwickshire
Venta Belgarum => Winchester
Venta Icenorum => Caistor St Edmund (village), Norfolk
Verulamium => near St Albans
Viroconium Cornoviorum => Wroxeter (village), Shropshire
Netherlands
Albaniana => Alphen aan den Rijn
Coriovallum => Heerlen
Lugdunum Batavorum => Katwijk (Leiden)
Mosa Trajectum (or Trajectum ad Mosam) => Maastricht*
Oppidum Batavorum (or Ulpia Noviomagus Batavorum) => Nijmegen*
Trajectum ad Rhenum => Utrecht
Belgium
Atuatuca Tungrorum => Tongeren/Tongres*
Camasiacum => Kemzeke
Castri locus => Mons
Ceuniacum => Ciney
Cortoriacum => Kortrijk/Courtrai
Geminiacum => Gembloux
Geminiacum => Gimnée
Hoius Vicus => Huy
Liniacum => Lanaye
Liniacum => Lennik
Mauriciacum => Moerzeke
Vicus Leodicus (or Leodicum, Leudicus, Leodium) => Liege/Luik/Lüttich
Oppidum Atuaticorum (or Namurcum) => Namur/Namen
Orolaunum => Arlon/Aarlen/Arel
Rothnacum => Ronse/Renaix
Superiacum => Souvret
Stirpiacum => Strépy
Tornacum => Tournai/Doornik*
Umbracum => Ombret
Viroviacum => Wervik
Vuenteka super fluvium Therma => Denderwindeke
Germany
Aquae Mattiacae => Wiesbaden
Aquisgranium => Aachen
Augusta Treverorum => Trier
Augusta Vindelicorum => Augsburg
Aurelia Aquensi => Baden Baden
Bonna => Bonn
Castellum apud Confluentes => Koblenz
Castra Batavorum => Passau, Bavaria
Castra Vetera => Xanten, North Rhine-Westphalia
Colonia Ulpia Traiana => Xanten, North Rhine-Westphalia
Drusus => Bingen-am-Rhein, Rhineland-Palatinate
Mattium => Marburg, Hesse
Moguntiacum => Mainz
Novaesium => Neuss, North Rhine-Westphalia
Noviomagus => Neumagen-Dhron (village), Rhineland-Palatinate
Oppidum Ubiorum (then Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium) => Cologne/Köln
Radasbona (then Castra Regina) => Regensburg
Rigomagus => Remagen, Rhineland-Palatinate
Sorviodurum => Straubing, Bavaria
Tolbiacum => Zuelpich, North Rhine-Westphalia
Tricensimae => Xanten, North Rhine-Westphalia
France
Aginnum => Agen, Lot-et-Garonne
Aquae Sextiae => Aix-en-Provence
Alalia => Aleria, Corse
Arausio => Orange
Arelate (previously Theline) => Arles
Argentoratum (then Stratoeburgus) => Strasbourg
Augusta Suessionum => Soissons, Picardie
Augusta Viromanduorum => Saint-Quentin, Picardie
Augustodunum (formerly Bibracte) => Autun, Bourgogne
Augustodurum => Bayeux, Normandie
Augustomagus => Senlis, Picardie
Augustonemetum (previously Nemossos) => Clermont-Ferrand
Augustoritum => Limoges
Autricum => Chartres
Avaricum => Bourges, Cher
Avenio => Avignon
Bagacum => Bavay (village), Nord
Besontio => Besançon, Franche-Comté
Burdigala => Bordeaux
Caesarodunum => Tours
Caesaromagus => Beauvais, Picardie
Camaracum => Cambrai, Nord
Caranusca => Hackenberg (village), Lorraine
Carcaso => Carcassonne
Cenabum (then Aurelianis) => Orléans
Colonia Forum Segusiavorum => Feurs, Loire
Colonia Nemausa => Nîmes
Condate Riedonum => Rennes
Condatomagus => La Graufesenque, Aveyron
Darioritum => Vannes, Bretagne
Decem Pagi => Tarquimpol (village), Lorraine
Divio => Dijon
Divodurum => Metz
Duacum => Douai
Durocortorum Remorum => Reims
Gesoriacum (or Portus Itius) => Boulogne-sur-Mer
Juliomagus => Angers
Lemonum (or Limonum) => Poitiers
Lucus Augusti => Luc-en-Diois, Drôme
Lusonum => Lezoux, Puy-de-Dôme
Lutetia => Paris
Massilia (previously Massalia) => Marseille
Mediolanum Aulercorum => Evreux
Mediolanum Santonum => Saintes, Charente-Maritime
Narbo Martius => Narbonne
Nemetacum Atrebatum => Arras
Nicaea (previously Nikaia) => Nice
Noviodunum => Soissons
Pons Saravi => Sarrebourg (village), Lorraine
Portus Namnetus => Nantes
Reginca => Saint-Servan (village), Bretagne
Ricciacum => Ritzing (village), Lorraine
Rotomagus => Rouen
Samarobriva => Amiens
Tolosa => Toulouse
Tullum Leucorum => Toul, Lorraine
Tres Tabernae => Saverne (village), Alsace
Valentia => Valence
Valentianae => Valenciennes
Vasio Vocontiorum => Vaison-la-Romaine
Verodunum => Verdun
Vesuna => Périgueux, Dordogne
Vindinium => Le Mans
Vorgium => Carhaix (village), Bretagne
Switzerland
Arbor Felix => Arbon, Thurgau
Aventicum => Avenches (village), Vaud
Augusta Raurica => Kaiseraugst (village), Aargau
Basilea => Basel
Curia => Chur, Graubünden
Genava => Genève/Geneva
Lousanna => Lausanne
Octodurum => Martigny, Valais
Salodurum => Solothurn
Tenedo => Bad Zurzach (village), Aargau
Turicum => Zürich
Vindonissa => Windisch (village), Aargau
Austria
Aelium Cetium (then Treisma) => Sankt Pölten
Brigantium (formerly Brigantion) => Bregenz
Carnuntum => Deutsch-Altenburg - Petronell
Iuenna => Jaunstein
Juvavum (or Salisburgium or Iuvavia) => Salzburg
Lentie (formerly Lentos) => Linz
Noreia => Neumarkt in der Steiermark
Oenipons => Innsbruck
Ovilava => Wels
Veldidena => Wilten
Vindobona => Vienna/Wien
Virunum => Maria Saal
Italy
Abellinum => Avellino, Campania
ad Aesim => Falconara Marittima, Marche
ad Martis => S. Maria in Pantano (village), Umbria
Aecae (or Aikai or Ece) => Troia/Troja (village), Puglia
Aeclanum => Mirabella Eclano (village), Campania
Aesernia => Isernia, Molise
Agrigentum (formerly Akragas) => Agrigento, Sicilia
Aquileia => Aquileia (village), Friuli-Venezia Giulia
Aquilonia => Aquilonia (village), Campania
Albintemelium (or Albintimilium) => Ventimiglia, Liguria
Altinum => Altino (Village), Veneto
Ameria => Amelia, Umbria
Ammurianum => Murano, Venezia
Ancona => Ancona
Antium => Anzio, Lazio
Apua => Pontremoli (village), Toscana
Arconisium => Racconigi (village). Piemonte
Aricia => Ariccia, Lazio
Ariminum => Rimini
Arretium => Arezzo
Aternum => Pescara, Abruzzo
Barium => Bari, Puglia
Bauzanum => Bolzano
Beneventum => Benevento, Campania
Bergomum => Bergamo
Bobium, Ebovium => Bobbio (village), Emilia-Romagna
Bononia (formerly Felsina) => Bologna
Boreana => Burano, Venezia
Brixellum => Brescello (village), Emilia-Romagna
Brixia => Brescia
Brundisium (formerly Brentesion) => Brindisi
Butunti (formerly Butontinoi) => Bitonto, Puglia
Caesena => Cesena, Emilia-Romagna
Caralis (formerly Karalis) => Cagliari, Sardegna
Campus vassorum => Campobasso, Molise
Canusium => Canosa, Puglia
Capua => Capua
Casinum => Cassino, Lazio
Castra Nicia => Caltanissetta, Sicilia
Castra Taurinorum (later Augusta Taurinorum) => Turin (Torino)
Catania (formerly Ætna, then Katáne) => Catania, Sicilia
Caudium => Montesarchio (village), Campania
Centum Cellae => Civitavecchia, Lazio
Civitas Sancti Romuli => Sanremo, Liguria
Comum => Como, Lombardia
Consentia => Cosenza, Calabria
Cremona => Cremona, Lombardia
Croton => Crotone, Calabria
Cumae (formerly Kymi) => Cuma (village), Campania
Derthona => Tortona, Piemonte
Drepanum (formerly Drépanon) => Trapani, Sicilia
Egnatia (or Ignatia, or Gnatia) => Anazzo, Puglia
Fabiranum (or Fabrianum) => Fabriano
Fanum Fortunae => Fano, Marche
Firmum (or Picenum) => Fermo
Florentia => Florence (Firenze)
Formiae => Formia, Lazio
Forum Livii => Forli, Emilia-Romagna
Forum Popilii => Forlimpopoli, Emilia-Romagna
Fulginiae (or Fulginium) => Foligno, Umbria
Fundi => Fondi, Lazio
Genua => Genoa (Genova)
Haenna => Enna, Sicilia
Hasta => Asti, Piemonte
Herdonia (or Herdonoia) => Ordona, Puglia
Heraclea => Lucania/Policoro, Basilicata
Herculaneum => Ercolano, Campania
Hispellum (or Colonia Julia Hispellum) => Spello (village), Umbria
Hydruntum (or Hydrus) => Otranto (village), Puglia
Iguvium (or Eugubium) => Gubbio, Umbria
Interamna Nahars (or Interamna Nahartium) => Terni, Umbria
Interamnia Praetutiana => Teramo, Abruzzo
Labellum => Lavello
Lilybaeum => Marsala, Sicilia
Luca => Lucca
Luceria => Lucera, Puglia
Lupiae (formerly Sybar) => Lecce, Puglia
Luna => Luni (village), Liguria
Mantua => Mantua (Mantova), Lombardia
Mediolanum => Milan (Milano)
Mevania => Bevagna (village), Umbria
Messana (formerly Zancle , then Messene) => Messina
Metapontum => Metaponto, Basilicata
Metheola => Matera, Basilicata
Minturnae => Minturno, Campania
Mutina => Modena
Neapolis (formerly Parthenope) => Naples (Napoli)
Neapolis => Polignano. Puglia
Nequinum => Narni, Umbria
Nora => Pula, Sardegna
Novaria => Novara, Piemonte
Nola => Nola, Campania
Nursia => Norcia, Umbria
Olmedum => Olmedo, Sardegna
Ostium => Ostia, Lazio
Paestum (formerly Poseidonia) => Capaccio (village), Campania
Panormus (formerly Zîz) => Palermo
Patavium => Padua (Padova)
Perusia => Perugia
Placentia => Piacenza, Emilia-Romagna
Pisa => Pisa
Pisaurum => Pesaro, Marche
Pistorium => Pistoia, Toscana
Pollentia => Pollenzo, Piemonte
Portus Naonis => Pordenone, Friuli-Venezia Giulia
Potentia => Potenza
Puteoli (formerly Dicaearchia) => Pozzuoli, Campania
Ragusa Ibla (formerly Hybla Heraia) => Ragusa, Sicilia
Ravenna => Ravenna
Rhegium Julium (formerly Rhegion) => Reggio Calabria
Regium Lepidi (or Lepidum Regium) => Reggio Emilia
Roma => Rome
Saenna Julia => Siena
Salernum (formerly Irna) => Salerno
Savo => Savona, Liguria
Silvium => Gravina, Puglia
Sinuessa => Mondragone
Sipontum => Manfredonia, Puglia
Scylacium (Scylletium, Scolatium, Scolacium, Scyllaceum, Scalacium, later Minervium or Colonia Minervia) => Squillace, Calabria
Spoletium => Spoleto, Umbria
Stabiae => Castellammare di Stabia, Campania
Suasa => Castelleone di Suasa (village), Marche
Sybaris => Sibari, Calabria
Syracusae (formerly Sirako) => Syracuse (Siracusa)
Tarentum => Taranto
Tarvisium => Treviso, Veneto
Tauromenium (formerly Tauromenion) => Taormina, Sicilia
Teate Marrucinorum => Chieti, Abruzzo
Tergeste => Trieste
Tarracina (or Anxur) => Terracina, Lazio
Thermae Himerenses => Termini Imerese, Sicilia
Ticinum => Pavia
Tifernum Tiberinum => Città di Castello, Umbria
Tridentum => Trento
Tuder => Todi, Umbria
Tusculum => Frascati, Lazio
Uria (or Hyria or Hyrium) => Oria, Puglia
Urbinum Mataurense (or Urvinum Mataurense) => Urbino, Marche
Vedinum (or Utinum) => Udine
Velia (formerly Elea) => Ascea, Campania
Velitrae => Velletri, Lazio
Venusia => Venosa, Basilicata
Vercellae => Vercelli, Piemonte
Verona => Verona
Vibo Valentia (formerly Hipponion or Hipponium) => Vibo Valentia, Calabria
Vicentia (or Vicetia, or Vincentia) => Vicenza, Veneto
Vigiliae => Bisceglie, Puglia
Viglebanum (or Vigebanum) => Vigevano, Lombardia
Vigueria (Viguerium) => Voghera, Lombardia
Vipitenum => Sterzing-Vipiteno (village), Trentino-Alto Adige
Volaterrae => Volterra, Toscana
Volsinii Novi (Volsinium) => Bolsena, Lazio
* oldest recorded settlement in the country
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