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Other DNA-related pages: European Haplogroups mtDNA frequencies in Europe Y-DNA frequencies in Europe List of European mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups and subclades with their defining mutations Human Mitochondrial DNA is composed of 16569 base pairs. Two sections are highly polymorphic (i.e. mutations occur more frequently) and known as hypervariable region (HVR). HVR1 locations are numbered 16001-16568. HVR2 locations are numbered 001-574. These are the ones tested by commercial companies for genealogical purposes. These are non-coding regions, which means that mutations have no known medical consequence. There are, however, diseases associated with mtDNA mutations. Mutations are compared to the Cambridge Reference Sequence representing haplogroup H2. Mutations indicated in red are those going up the tree from H2 to the origins (H2 > H > HV > pre-HV > R > N > L3 > mitochondrial Eve), and are therefore not actual mutations starting from the mitochondrial Eve. Note that mutations marked by an * do not always occur in this haplogroup or subclade. These are typically HVR mutations. Haplogroups Haplogroup H Haplogroup preHV Haplogroup HV Haplogroup I Haplogroup J Haplogroup K Haplogroup N Haplogroup R Haplogroup T Haplogroup U Haplogroup V Haplogroup W Haplogroup X Haplogroup H Defining mutations : 263 H1 subclade Defining mutations : 3010, 16304* H2 subclade Defining mutations : 1438, 4769 H3 subclade Defining mutations : 6776, 16189*, 16356* H4 subclade Defining mutations : 3992, 4024, 5004, 7581, 9123, 14365, 14582, 15497, 15930, 16129*, 16164 H5 subclade Defining mutations : 456, 16221*, 16304 H6 subclade Defining mutations : 239, 16362, 16482 H7 subclade Defining mutations : 4793 H8 subclade Defining mutations : 146, 195, 709, 13101, 16162*, 16288, 16362 H9 subclade Defining mutations : 152, 3591, 4310, 9148, 13020, 16168 H10 subclade Defining mutations : 4216, 5376, 14470, 14548, 16114 H11 subclade Defining mutations : 195, 961, 8448, 8895, 13759, 16278, 16311 H12 subclade Defining mutations : 195, 3936, 14552, 16287 H13 subclade Defining mutations : 2259, 4745, 13680, 14872* H14 subclade Defining mutations : 7645, 10217, 11377 H15 subclade Defining mutations : 55, 57, 1117, 3647, 6253, 10993 H16 subclade Defining mutations : 10394 H21 subclade Defining mutations : 186, 310, 3822, 8994, 16192 Haplogroup pre-HV Defining mutations : 263, 2706, 7028, 14766 Haplogroup HV Defining mutations : 263, 2706, 7028 HV1 subclade Defining mutations : 8014, 15218, 16067 Haplogroup I Defining mutations : 199, 204, 250, 263*, 4529, 10034, 10238, 10398, 15043, 15924, 16129, 16391 Haplogroup J Defining mutations : 295, 462, 489, 10398, 12612, 13708, 16069 J1 subclade Defining mutations : 16261 J2 subclade Defining mutations : 150*, 152*, 195*, 3010*, 7476, 15257, 16193 Haplogroup K Defining mutations : 146*, 1811, 3480, 9055, 9698, 10550, 11299, 14167*, 14798, 16224, 16311 K1 subclade Defining mutations : 523.*, 1189, 10398, 16320* K2 subclade Defining mutations : 9716, 16093* Haplogroup N Defining mutations : 73, 263, 2706, 7028, 11719, 12705, 14766, 16223 Haplogroup R Defining mutations : 73, 263, 2706, 7028, 11719, 14766 Haplogroup T Defining mutations : 709, 1888, 4917, 8697, 10463, 13368, 14905, 15607, 15928, 16294 T1 subclade Defining mutations : 152*, 195*, 16186*, 16189* T2 subclade Defining mutations : 11812, 14233, 16153*, 16296*, 16304* T3 subclade Defining mutations : 16188*, 16257* Haplogroup U Defining mutations : 73, 7028, 11719, 12308, 12372, 14766 U1 subclade Defining mutations : 285, -4990, 12879, 13104, 14070, 15148, 15954, 16189*, 16249 U2 subclade Defining mutations : 152*, 1811, 15907, 16051, 16129* U3 subclade Defining mutations : 150, 14139, 15454, 16343 U4 subclade Defining mutations : 195, 4646, 6047, 11332, 14620, 15693, 16356* U5 subclade Defining mutations : 3197, 9477, 13617, 16192*, 16270 U6 subclade Defining mutations : 3348, 16172, 16219* U7 subclade Defining mutations : 980. 5360, 10142, 16318* U8 subclade Defining mutations : 9698 U9 subclade Defining mutations : 3531, 3834, 6386, 14094 Haplogroup V Defining mutations : 72*, 4580, 15904, 16298* Haplogroup W Defining mutations : 189, 195, 204, 709, 5046, 5460, 7864*, 8251, 8994, 12414*, 16292* Haplogroup X Defining mutations : 153, 195, 6221, 6371, 13966, 14470, 16189, 16278 X1 subclade Defining mutations : 146, 3531, 13785, 13879, 14560, 15672 X2 subclade Defining mutations : 225, 226, 227, 1719

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