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Eupedia Home > Genetics > Frequencies of European mtDNA haplogroups

Distribution of European mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups by region in percentage


Last update : February 2012 (revised Bulgaria)
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Human mitochondrial DNA can be divided in genealogical groups sharing a common ancestor. These are called haplogroups. In Europe, mtDNA haplogroups cannot be easily associated with ancient ethnicities. However, they can sometimes reveal some potential medical conditions (see diseases associated with mtDNA mutations). Here is a list of defining mutations for European mtDNA haplogroups. Check this page to know more about the mtDNA testing process and how to trace your ancestry.

Note that figures are only indicative. Several sources were used and averages recalculated by merging the data available. Being approximations, numbers were rounded up to 0.5%. Frequencies inferior to 0.25% are indicated as 0%. Highest frequencies for each haplogroup are in bold. Subclades of H and U tend to be underestimated because not all samples were tested for subclade. A non-exhaustive list of the sources used for this page can be found here.

European mtDNA haplogroup chart

Region/Haplogroup H (H1+H3) HV0 + V J T U (U2) (U3) (U4) (U5) K I W X2 Other
Albania 51.5 (6) 1 7 6.5 14.5 (0) (0) (5) (8.5) 2.5 3.5 1.5 0 12
Austria 44.5 (16) 3 12 8.5 12 (1) (1) (4) (7) 10.5 3.5 1 1 4
Belgium 40 6 4 10 22 (0) (0) (6) (12) 13 0 1 1 3
Bosnia-Herzegovina 45 5 7.5 4.5 15.5 (1) (0) (4) (6.5) 6 2 2.5 1.5 10.5
Bulgaria 42 (9.5) 3.5 8 10.5 22 (1.5) (2) (4) (6.5) 6 1 3 2 2
Croatia 44 (25) 5 10 7.5 14 (2) (1) (1.5) (10.5) 5 3 3.5 1 6.5
Czech Republic 41 (18) 3 11 11 20 (0.5) (1.5) (1.5) (15) 3 1 6 0 4
Denmark 39.5 2.5 2.5 12 22 (8) (0) (4) (8) 10.5 1.5 2.5 1.5 7
England 42 (6.5) 3.5 9 11 14 (0.5) (0) (3) (8) 9.5 3.5 2 1.5 4
Estonia 43.5 (19) 4 10 8 24.5 (1) (0) (7) (16) 2.5 1 2.5 1 3
Finland 40 (21) 6.5 5 4 25 (2) (0) (2.5) (18) 3 4 8 1 3.5
France 40.5 (12) 2.5 6 11.5 18.5 (2) (1) (2.5) (9.5) 8 2.5 3 1.5 6
Germany 41.5 (6) 3.5 9 11 15 (1) (1) (2.5) (9.5) 9 2.5 1.5 1.5 5.5
Greece 38 (5) 0 14.5 10 11.5 (0) (0) (0) (1.5) 6 2 4 4.5 9.5
Hungary 47 (35) 1 12 6 17.5 2 0.5 4 0 10
Iceland 46 (9) 1.5 11 10 15.5 (0) (3) (2) (9.5) 7.5 4.5 0 1.5 2.5
Ireland 38.5 (11) 4 10 12 13 (2) (0.5) (2.5) (6) 11 3 2.5 1.5 4.5
Italy 33.5 (11) 4.5 7.5 12 14 (1) (3) (2) (7) 7 2 2.5 2 15
Latvia 45 3 6.5 9 23 (3) (2) (9) (9) 2.5 4.5 4 0.5 2
Lithuania 46 (6) 4.5 8 10 18 (2) (1.5) (5) (9.5) 2.5 4 1 1 5
Macedonia 43.5 (19) 4.5 11.5 11 13.5 (1) (2) (3.5) (6) 4.5 1 3 3 4.5
Netherlands 45 (13) 8 11 14 16 (1.5) (0) (6.5) (7.5) 10 2.5 2.5 0.5 0.5
Norway 42 (30) 4 12 11 16.5 (3) (0) (3) (10) 6.5 2 2 1 3.5
Poland 46 (15) 5 8 11.5 16 (1) (0.5) (5) (8.5) 3.5 2 3.5 1.5 3
Portugal 44.5 (26) 4 6 11 14 (2) (5.5) (3) 7.5 2 2 2 7
Romania 39 (10) 2 14 8 10.5 (2) (1) (1) (3.5) 7 1 1 5 12.5
Russia 42 (5.5) 5 8 10 20 (1.5) (0.5) (6) (12) 3 2 2 2 6
  • Adygey (N. Caucasus)
    		•  22 (8) 0 4 14 32 (4) (14) (4) (8) 2 6 0.5 3 15.5
  • Bashkirs (Volga-Ural)
    		•  22 2 6 3 25.5 (2) (0) (15) (7.5) 2.5 0.5 0.5 0 28
  • Volga-Finnic
    		•  20 (10) 3 3 12 27 (0) (0) (15) (12) 3 3 0.5 0 28.5
    Scotland 42.5 (3.5) 3.5 14 11.5 13 (1.5) (1) (2.5) (7) 6.5 5 1 1.5 1.5
    Serbia 41 5 7 5 20.5 (1.5) (1) (7) (9.5) 4.5 3.5 3.5 0 10
    Slovenia 47 6.5 9.5 6 19 (1) (2) (6) (10.5) 4 2 5 1 0
    Spain 54 (28) 5 6 8 10 (0.5) (0.5) (4) (5.5) 5 2 2 1 7
  • Basques
    		•  61.5 (44) 6.5 5.5 1 18 6 0.5 1 0.5 0
    Sweden 48 6.5 9.5 12.5 16 (2.5) (0) (7) (6.5) 3 1.5 1.5 0.5 1
    Switzerland 36.5 (4.5) 3 5 13.5 16.5 (1) (0) (5.5) (8.5) 10 1.5 0.5 2 11.5
    Ukraine 39 (12) 5.5 12 7 21 (0) (1) (4) (11) 3 2 2 2.5 6
    Wales 43 1.5 9.5 11 10 (0.5) (0.5) (0.5) (4.5) 9.5 6 0 1 7.5

    Additional information

    The percentages of haplogroups H1, H3 and U5 is given in addition to the total for H and U. This is useful to assess the proportion of Paleolithic European (Cro-Magnon) lineages, as opposed to later arrivals.

    The "Other" category includes mostly the older haplogroups N, R, pre-HV and HV, but also occasionally a few African (L) or Asian haplogroups (A, B, C, D, M, Z).

    The largest sample sizes in this data base are Germany (n = 2610), England (n = 1577), Scotland (n = 1413), Ireland (n = 1397), France (n = 878), Italy (n = 808), Norway (n = 703), Finland (n = 580), and Iceland (n = 511). Each country has at least 100 samples.

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